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UNITED STATES OE AMERICA. 



JAN 10 ilj 



A MANUAL 



Entire Geography 



OF SCRIPTURE, 



WITH NOTICES OF DISCOVERIES TO THE PRESENT TIME, 
AND WITH THE ACCEPTED PRONUNCIATION. 



Prof. H. S. OSBOEN, LL. D., 

Author of Palestine, Past and Present ; Ancient Egypt in the 
Light of Modern Discoveries ; etc. 



oxford, ohio: 
OXFORD MAP PUBLISHERS 

1886. 




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3^)^° 



. v 



COPYRIGHT, 1886. BY H. S. OSBOkN. 



PREFACE. 

In this work the subject of Biblical geography has 
been carefully reviewed and all previous statements in 
regard to this subject thoroughly examined. This has 
been found necessary because in each of four most re- 
cently published works, either important discoveries 
have been entirely unnoticed, or the old views and er- 
rors copied and continued in the new work. In two 
recent publications many errors in direction and dis- 
tance have been made, especially in the Palestine geog- 
raphy although the survey of that region was complet- 
ed and published in 1880. A new edition of Smith's 
Biblical Dictionary appears with very many errors of 
the last mentioned class, and these, of long standing, 
are given a new run in other, but less authoritative, 
works. In the last edition of The American Sunday 
School TJ nion's Bible Dictionary, with which Dr. 
SchafFs name is connected as editor, no mention is made 
of several important geographic discoveries, such as 
that of the old Hittite Carchemish, important in both 
Assyrian and Biblical history, also the discoveries of 
Accad-Sepharvaim in Babylonia, Anab in Palestine, 



IV 



Tahpanhes in Egypt, and Ur without any doubt in old 
Chaldea, especially as Oofah of northern Mesopotamia 
was not in Chaldea and has no just claims to be consid- 
ered Ur, as George Smith the Assyriologist says " there 
is not the slightest evidence that another Ur ever exis- 
ted than the Babylonian," Chald. Gen. p. 292. In this 
last edition there are also errors in levels and heights 
as well as in distances and directions, which detract 
greatly from the value of this otherwise excellent 
work — the Waters of Merom, p. 563, are not 270 ft. be- 
low but 7 ft. abovet\\Q level of the Mediterranean, by the 
English Exploration Fund survey; Achzib is not 20 
miles north of Accho but 9 ?ns.] Hena of 2 Kings 18: 
is not 20 vis. {p. 375) but about 200 from the site of Bab- 
ylon, and so with Adoraim, Ajalon, Baalbec, Baal-meon, 
Bethlehem, etc. The directions of this work are fre- 
quently wrong; — Aroer north of the Arnon cannot be 
** west of the Dead sea " and the Aroer of Judah is not 11 
miles south-west of Beer-sheba" [p. 72) but 14 south-east ; 
Troas, also, is not in the " north-eastern " part of Asia 
Minor, nor Berea " east of the Olympian mountains. " 
The statements in many other places need correction. 
The most recent work on Biblical history and geog- 
raphy, is by Dr. J. L. Hurlbut, Continental Publishing- 
Company, Chicago; it has been handsomely gotten up 
and needs few important corrections; — it places Gezer 
under the same old error of 40 years ago, 3 miles east of 
Joppa, while the site discovered by Ganneau, where the 
old Levitical boundary stone still remained, is entirely 



unnoticed. This work omits, entirely, the mountains of 
Abarim, from both text and maps, it makes the distance 
between the Waters of Merom andHasbeiya, on mount 
Hermon, 40 miles (it is about 23) ; it is in error as to the 
length of the sea of Galilee, of the upper and lower Jor- 
dan and the distances of several towns. But it is most 
to be regretted that it has omitted all mention of the dis- 
coveries of the last six, or ten, years and simply repeat- 
ed the former guesses of the older geographies in rela- 
tion to those places mentioned above, and several others. 

It is very interesting to find mention of the old city of 
Balaam the prophet whom Balak, king of Moab, called 
to curse Israel just as they were about to cross the Jor- 
dan. A monolith stone, found on the Tigris' banks, but 
now in the British Museum, tells how the Assyrian Shal- 
maneser took the city " which the Hittites called Pethor'' 
and which appears to have been on the east of the 
Euphrates near Carchemish. Balaam was dwelling a- 
mong the Hittites, so the new geography tells us. The 
recent discovery of the remains of the old palace of Pha- 
raoh Hophra at Deffenneh 80 miles north-east of Cairo, 
in Egypt, settles the location of the Tahpanhes of the 
prophet Jeremiah (xxiii.) and attests his historic accu- 
racy, especially as three clay cylinders of Nebuchadnez- 
zar have been found here, or not far on 4 * and " the smash- 
ed, shattered and calcined ruins of ' Pharaoh's house in 
Tahpanhes' tell the end of the story." 

We have attempted to avoid the errors referred to a- 
bove and give particular attention to recent discovery 



VI 



and the careful re-adjustment of distances in accordance 
with the best surveys. 

We have been aided by Dr. Kalopothekes of Athens, 
Dr. J. Lansing of Egypt, Drs. Bliss and Merrill of Syria, 
and largely by Mr. Abd Eshooof Armenia who has tra- 
veled many hundreds of miles, under our direction and 
obtained information we could not get ourselves while 
we were in the East. Much of the information thus 
gained appears only upon our maps but important re- 
sults have been gained for this little work also. 

EXPLANATIONS, etc. 

In the present work we have, of necessity, used ab- 
breviations, as follows: in the Palestine geography on- 
ly initial letters of the names of the tribes are used — no 
two names have the same initial — and thus we have 
indicated the tribe in which the place was located: 
for the points of compass we have used n. for north, 
e. east, s. south, w. west; the intermediate points as n.e. 
n.n.e. etc. are easily understood, only remembering that 
these directions are used as near approximations. The 
following Arabic names occur with these meanings : — 
am means a spring and is similar to the Hebrew word 
En, or Enon, the latter being plural ; belt means house 
the Beth of the Hebrew; tell is a small hill, or mound, 
Jebel, a mountain ; Wady, a dry water course ; Nahr, a 
river; Ras means a headland, or promontory ; Deir a 
Convent. 

The reader mav rest assured that if a name is not 



VI 1 

found in this Manual, it is that of a place whose site is 
not vet known with any reasonable degree of probabil- 
ity. 

The peutikoeb tables are a series of 8 maps of the 
Roman Empire, probably finished in the 4th century, 
A. D. 330 — 340. Found in manuscript and engraved 
by Muretus in 1598, the measurements are in Roman 
miles which were to the English as 1614 yards are to 
1760, so that a Roman mile was nearly one-tenth shorter 
than an English mile. This will explain the reference 
to this work in our Manual. 

In our list, all modern names are printed in italics, 
and they are interesting because they indicate how 
much the original name has changed. 



PRONUNCIATION: 

Remember: that in all the names in this list, "g " is 
sounded hard as in give and get, with only one exception. 
Geba is not jeeba, norisGennesaret, jen-nesaret, nor En- 
gedi, en-jeedi. nor Gerar to be pronounced jee-r&r. The 
only exception to hard "g" is the word Bethphage. 
pronounced beth'-fa-^e: in fact, of the entire number o/ 
not less than 258 Biblical proper names, having the letter 
" g " in their composition, in only 15 is it soft as in " genesis " 
" niger," etc. 

Except in these seven, Aeeldema, Cinneroth. Cedron, 
Cesarea. Beth-haccerem, Phenicia and Pheni'ce. both 
"e" and "cA", in all parts of the w T ord, are pronounced 
as " Ay' Chinnereth, Cherith, Achzib, Achor, etc., are 
A'innereth, A:erith, a&zib, aA-or, etc. The sere?/, exceptions 
above mentioned, are pronounced with soft "c" — a-sel- 
dama, sinneroth, see-dron, .ses-area. beth-hak.s-erem, fe- 
nish-ia, and fe-ny'-se. 



AB'AXA, a river, now Barada -cold" who.se sources 
are in the mountains of Lebanon, 24 ms. n. w. of Da- 
mascus. From one spring, at Zebedani, 3610 ft. above 
the sea, it descends 1350 ft. to the city through which 
it runs and continues 1 5 ms. e. to a marshy lake. There 
are at least 43 villages upon the main stream e. of the 
city and upon its canals, and it waters, or enriches, a - 
bout 320 sq. ms. of country. The Aivaj, '-crooked,'' wa- 
ters the plain on the south. The onlv reference is in 
2 Kings 5: 12. 

AB'AKIM, mts., e. of the Dead Sea and opposite Jer- 
ico. They descend from that high table land e. of the 
Jordan and are not, strictly, mountains but sloping cl iffs 
overlooking the valley of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. 
They are about 3000 ft. above the level of the Mediter- 
ranean. Abarim means "passages" and it was only by 
these "passages" that the Israelites could descend to the 
plains of Jericho. * 

AB / DON, now Abdeh, a city in A. 10 ms. n.n.e. of 
Accho, 3 \ ms. e. of the coast of the Mediterranean and 
uninhabited ruins. 

A'BELand ABEL-BETH-MA'ACHAH, ma'akah, 

now AM. Abel means "meadow" it is a village and ru- 
in 1074, ft. above the Mediterranean, and 103 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem. 

A / BEL-MA / IM, l( mead&w of the icaters, "same place 
as the last. 



12 

A'BEL-MEHO'LAH, "meadow of the dance", s. of 
Beth-shean and 41 ms. a little e. of n. from Jerusalem, 

A'BEL-SHIT'TIM, "meadow of the acacias," e. side 
of the Jordan opposite Jericho and 25 ms. e. of Jerusa- 
lem; it is 1200 ft. below the level of the Mediterranean, 

ABILENE, a small district about 14 ms. n/w. of Da- 
mascus; its capital was Abila. 

ABSALOM'S PLACE, or PILLAR, now called 
'The Tomb of Absalom', 200 yards e. of Jerusalem. The 
present monument does not appear, from any historical 
account, to be older than the 4th century A. D., but it 
may occupy the site of the monument of 2 Sam. 18: 18. 

AC'CAD, this city, mentioned only in Gen. 10: 10, 
was afterward called SEPHARYA / IM which see. It 
Was founded by Nimrod and its site was entirely un- 
known until its name and ruins were discovered in 
1881, at a mound called Abu Hubba, on the ancient 
Royal Canal, 42 ms. n. of Babylon. 

AC / CHO, pron. ak'ko, now Akka\ it is immediately 
Upon the sea-coast, 78 ms. n.n.w. of Jerusalem, 8 ms. n. 
of Mt. Carmel. Called Ptolemais in the N. T. It was 
given to A. but that tribe never possessed it. See Jud. 
1: 31. 

ACELDAMA, pron. a-seVda-ma\ a field on the s. 
slope of the valley of Hinnom, | of a mile s. of Jerusa- 
lem. 

ACHAIA, pron. a-ka'yah\ a Roman province in the 
N. T. times, nearly co-extensive with the modern king- 
dom of Greece. See the map.. 

ACHMETHA, pron. ak'me-tha, see Ecbat'ana. 
ACHOR? pron. a'kor, VALLEY OF, now wady Kelt 
Where it descends from the w. to Jericho. 

ACHSHAPH? pron. ak'shaf now called Iksaf 104 




Landing on the Coast of Syria. 



18 

ms. 11, of Jerusalem, 1835 ft, above the Mediterranean, 
and 16J ms. due e. from Tyre. 

ACHZIB, pren. ak'zib now ez Zih. It is on the sea- 
coast 8J ms. n. of Accho, 86 ms, n. of Jerusalem, and 
at present an inhabited village. 

ADAR, same as HAZAR-ADDAR. Josh. 15: 3. 

ADITHA'IM, in J., afterward called HADID 
which see. 

ADOBA/IM, in J., now Dura, 5 ms. w. by s. of He- 
bron, 21 ms. from Jerusalem, and 2945 ft. above the 
■sea. 

ADRAMYT'TIUM, a sea-port town of Mysia, in w. 
Asia Minor, near a ba\\83 ms. n. of SmYfna: now a vil- 
lage of 4000 pop. called Adramyti. 

A'DRIA, a part of the Mediterranean, surrounded 
by Sicily, Greece and Malta. The name Was so used 
in St. Paul's time for that part of the sea, in distinction 
from the Adriatic Gulf. 

ADUI/LAM? cave of, formerly supposed to be that 
great cave on the s. side of a valley 4 ms. s.s.e. ot Beth- 
lehem; but Ganneau, in 1872, found a town-site 12 J ms. 
w. by s. of Bethlehem, of very nearly the same name 
as Adullam, with caves near, and it is probable that here 
is the true site. The cave is 1468 ft. and the town-site 
1100 ft. above the sea. 

ADUM'MIM? a steep descent on the road from Je- 
rusalem to Jericho, in wady Kelt, see Achor. 

AHA'VA? see AYAH. 

AI, pron. a'i, now called Haiyan, e. of Bethel and 8 
ms., a little e. of n. of Jerusalem; onlv ruins. It is 
also called HAT, AFATH and A-FJA, Gen. 13:3. 

A'lN ? perhaps at Ain el Azi one of the sources of 
the river Orontes, a remarkable spring 11 ms. s.w. of 



14 

Riblah which is 100 ms. n. of the Sea of Galilee. A- 
nother place of the same name was a city of J. after- 
ward given to S. and probably to be loeated at the pres- 
ent Ghuwein 11 J ms. s. by w. of Hebron, where are ex- 
tensive ruins, as there are at the upper Ghuwein, a m. 
n. But the site is not fully determined. 

.AJ'ALON, now Yalo, a Levitical city of D., 12 J ms. 
w.by n. of Jerusalem, in a valley-plain about 700 ft. a- 
bove the sea, called the VALLEY OF AJALON. 

* ALEXANDRIA, the Grecian capital of Egypt, on 
the sea-shore of the s.e. part of the Mediterranean; it 
was founded by, and named after. Alexander the Great 
B. C. 382. It was the seat of much learning and, in 
this respect, was a rival t > Athens. At one time it had 
a library of 700,000 rolls, or manuscripts, which was 
said to have been burned by the Calif Omar, but it is 
doubtful that any such number had survived to the time 
of the Calif. Here the Old Testament was translated 
from the Hebrew into Greek and called the Septuagint, 
or "seventy," from the number engaged in the work. 
Ancient ruins are still to be found. Since the war of 
1882 the population is about 225,000. 

AMPHIP'OLIS, the name occurs only in Acts 17: 1. 
In the Apostle's time it was a chief city, under the Ro- 
mans and in the s. part of Macedonia. The river Stry- 
mon curved around it in a semicircle on the w. so as to 
be on both sides of the city, hence the name alludes to 
the river as around, 'amphi,' the city, 'polls'. From this 
city w. to Thessalonica was 48 ms.; it was 29 ms. s.w. 
from Philippi in a straight line; 23J-ms. to Apollonia 
and from Apollonia to Thessalonica 29 J ms. But in 
the peutinger tables (see the Preface for these) it is 
laid down as 33 ms. from Fhilippi to Amphipolis and 
from Amphipolis to Apollonia, 30 ms., thence to Thes- 
salonica, 37 ms., these measurements, probably, being 



15 

along the windings of the road. It is now only ruins, 
the new village being on the n.e. 

A'NAB, means place of grapes, now Anab,\\ ms. s.w. 
of Hebron, 31 ids. from Jerusalem ; the formerly svppos- 
ed site, on the east of the present site, was a mistake of 
Robinson 's guide ; it is on the heights west where Conder 
has discovered the ruins and name ; the ruins are 1970 
ft. above the Mediterranean and there are two ancient cis- 
terns. 

AN'ATHOTH, L. B., now Anata, 2 \ ms. n.e. of Je- 
rusalem, 2225 ft. above the Mediterranean. Now a lit- 
tle hamlet of about 20 houses. 

A'NEM, same as En-gannim which see. 

A'NIM? J., supposed at el Jof, 5 ms. s.w. of Hebron. 

AN'TIOCH, pron. an / ti-ok ; there are two of this 
name mentioned in the N. T., one in Syria, about 290 
ms. n. of Jerusalem where the disciples of Christ were 
first called ' Christians ', it is now a village of about 6000 
or a few more inhabitants, 15 ms. from the Mediterra- 
nean ; the other was in the extreme n. of Pisidia, on the 
s. side of a mountain range 502 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem 
and in Asia Minor. It is an inhabited town with ma- 
ny ancient ruins. 

ANTIP'ATKIS? the site is probably at a place now 
called Kulat Ras el Ain, or Castle at head of the spring. 
It is 28 ms.n.w.of Jerusalem, has ruins, a fine spring and 
is on the ancient Reman road: 27 ms. a little w. of n. 
are the ruins of Cesarea, on the coast. Another site 
has been suggested at Ke.fr Saba, 4 ms. n. of the first 
mentioned place. 

A / PHEK, A., strength ; there are five places referred 
to in Scripture by this name. 1. The site of the most 
northern is at the village Afka, high up on the Lebanon, 
almost due w. of Ba'albek 18 ms. ard about 13 ms. 



16 

from the s3a. Here there are water-tails, springs and 
luxuriant foliage, but its famous temple, erected to Ve- 
nus, was destroyed by order of Constantine because ot 
the impure rites practised therein, Josh. 13: 4: 1U : <w. 
9 Now called Fik, 4 ms.e. of the sea of Galilee, 1140 
ft "above the Mediterranean and 1767 ft. above the sea 
of Galilee; it is a great caravan station abounding in 
water; 1 Kings 20: 26-30; 2 Kings 13: 1, 3. That of 
1 Sam 29: 1 is not known. 4. That of 1 Sam. 4 : 1 is 
16* ms s w. of Jerusalem and 3 ms.n.w. of Shocho and 
supposed to be at the ruins called Belled el Foka, Foka 
means the upper. 5. That of Josh. 12 : 18 is not known. 
Aphekah and Aphek are probably the same as No. 4 , and 
these names are found in Josh. 15 : 53; Judg. 1: 31. 

APOLLO'NIA? 'belonging to Apollo,' of Acts 17: 1 
was a city of Macedonia, now a few ruins called Polina. 
See Amphipolis. 

AP'PII FORUM, of Acts 28 : 15 consists only of ru- 
ins near Treponti in Italy two ms. from the n.w. end of 
an ancient canal w here the mules and their drivers rest- 
ed, 37 ms. s.e. from Rome, and 9 ms.s.e. from The Three 
Taverns. 

AR? or AR of MOAB? it was probably the same as 
Aroer e of the Dead sea and not to be confounded with 
Kabbah, as some have done. Its site is not certainly 
known. 

AR'ABAH, of Josh. 18: 18 was probably the plain 
between Jericho and the Jordan, and not a city asBeth- 

arabah was. . . 

As this word ARAB AH requires further examination 
we add the following remarks. Fuerst's Heb. Concord- 
ance shows that the word occurs 59 times and m that 
form which means a sterile, thirsty land, perhaps a plain. 
But Fuerst omits two places, Josh. 15: 61, 18: 22, hence 



17 

there are 61. In Josh. IS: 18, alone, is the simple Heb- 
rew word, Arabah, found; in three places it is united 
with Beth as Beth-arabah. In the remaining 58 places 
it is translated as desert, wilderness, plain, champaign and 
thrice as "evening" Jer. 5: 6, Hab. 1: 8, Zeph. 3: 3, where 
as in Job 2 J/.: 5, 39: 6, it means ivilderness, or desert. In 
only 41 instances is it used to designate a geographic 
place, in all others it is for general, or poetic description. 
Twice, only, does it refer to the valley between the Eed 
and Dead Seas and then only to the southern part, Deut. 
1: 1, 2:8. All the other Arabahs refer to that sterile 
land around the north end of the Dead Sea and never 
farther north than some distance south "0/ Chinnereth" 
Josh. 11: 2. 

It is altogether improbable that the word meant a 
plain simply, or that it referred to "that great cleft from 
Lebanon to the Red Sea" as asserted by many. It 
chiefly refers, at least in 34 instances, to that sterile re- 
gion of about 40 square miles around, or near, the north 
end of the Dead Sea and east and north-east of Jericho, 
many times called the Arabahs of Moab. The article the 
affords no help: Beth-arabah, is always Beth- (the) ar- 
abah and the Red Sea Arabah is written, Deut. 2: 8, with 
the Hebrew u the" and in Deut. 1: 1, without the article. 
In Josh. 18: 18, therefore, both of the Arabahs refer to the 
plain and not to the city, and the meaning is that the 
boundary line Van toward the Arabah and up to the 
Arabah and then turned north. 

ARABIA, in biblical history, referred to only a part 
of the great peninsula s. and s.e. of Palestine now known 
by that name. The region of Sinai is on the extreme 
n.w. It is mentioned only in 2Chron.9: 14, Is. 21: 13, 
Jer. 25: 24, Ezek. 27: 21. and in the New Testament in 
Gal.l: 17, 4: 25. 

ARAD, J., now tell Arad, 34 ms. a little w. of s. from 



18 

Jerusalem, and without inhabitants. Mentioned only 
in Numb. 21: 1, 23: 40, Josh. 12: 14, Judg. 1: 16. 

ARAM, signifies '■highlands' and has reference, wher- 
ever it occurs, to some part of that high level land n.e. of 
the Jordan and toward the Tigris. Aram also meant 
that part of Syria in which was Damascus; Padam-aram 
was the more recent Mesopotamia and also called Aram- 
naharaim. Beth-aram of Josh. 13: 27, is for Beth-ha- 
ram, see Beth-aram. 

AR'ARAT, the Scriptures no where speak of a Mt. 
Ararat, but of the mountains of Ararat. The name A- 
arat is found in the English bible only in Gen. 8: 4, 
Jer. 51 : 27, but in the Hebrew it occurs in Isaiah 37 : 38 
although translated Armenia and so also in 2 Kings 19: 
37. In the latter passage the event described took place 
in Armenia as we know from other history. Ararat is 
only another name for Armenia which was one of three 
ancient associated kingdoms as Jer. 51 : 27 shows. No 
particular mountain was specified in Scripture, and that 
mountain now pointed out in Armenia, 500 ms. n. of 
Babylon, and called Mt. Massis by the Armenians, and 
Mt. Ararat by travelers, seems first to have been an- 
nounced as the mount Ararat by one Rubruquis, a trav- 
eler, in about A. D. 1250, as Bochart says. This opin- 
ion seems to have been derived from St. Jerome. But 
more ancient writers, as Berosus and the Chaldee para- 
phrast Jonathan with other historians and early com- 
mentators, think that the high range, 50 ms. n. of Nin- 
eveh, is the true resting place of the Ark, in Armenia. 

Mt. Massis is 17,750 ft. above the sea and rises from a 
plain at the e. end of a range of many miles in length. 

The older claimant, of which we have just spoken, is 
called Mt. Kudur, the meaning of this word being "the 
great ship." 

ABBA, or Hebron. 



19 

ARBAH, or Kirjath-arbah. 

AECHI? is, perhaps, at the place now called AinArik 
10 ms. n.n.w- of Jerusalem. It has a Greek church, but 
no ruins and is a very small place, of very few houses. 

AREOP'AGUS, hill of Mars, Acts 17:19. It was the 
place where the high court of justice of the Athenians 
was held. It was on a rocky hill in the midst of Athens, 
Greece. On this hill there still remain the seats cut in 
the rock where the members of the court sat in the open 
air and where the audience of the Apostle sat to hear him. 

AR'GOB, a small rocky region of Bashan e. of the sea 
of Galilee about 40 miles. It contains the ruins of many 
cities, but not older than the Christian era. It is now call- 
ed The Lejah. Its history is given in Deut. 3: 4, 13, 14 
and 1 Kings 4: 13. It was afterward called Trachonitis, 
Luke 3: 1. 

ARAMATHE'A? supposed to be 10 ms. e. of Joppa 
at a little village called Raniieh, but this supposition is 
not probable. 

ARMENIA, see Ararat. Anciently it was associa- 
ted with Ararat; the Assyrian monuments show that 
the country into which the sons of Sennacherib escaped, 
see 2 Kings 19: 37, was Armenia, but called Ararat in 
the Hebrew. It is a high mountainous land beginning 
50 ms. n. of Nineveh with several high mountain rang- 
es, w. of the Caspian. In very ancient times, Jer. 51 : 
27, there were three kingdoms and the entire district 
was, probably, called Togarmah. It was, as a whole, 
bounded w. by the upper Euphrates; e. by the lower 
part of the Caspian; s. by lat. 36° 50' and n. by lat. 41° 
40'. 

AR'OER, R. Of the four cities called by this name 
two only are known. 1. The first mentioned, Numb. 
32: 34, is 1 mile n. of the channel of the river Arnon, 



20 

it is only ruins now and At'' air by name and on the high 
bank of the wady Arnon, as the broad valley of the Ar- 
non is called, which here is about 3 ms. wide. 

2. A town in the south of Judah. now Ar'ara by 
name, 14 ms. s.e. from Beer-sheba and about 26 ms. s. 
by w. from Hebron, where are only the ruins of this the 
city of 1 Sam. 30: 28 and 1 Chron. 11: 44, with several 
wells. 

AR'PAD, or Arphad, the same as Arvad. 

AK'VAD, a small island 2 ms. off the coast of Syria 
and now called Ruad with about 2000 inhabitants and 
some ruins of an ancient town. The people are sailors 
and sponge fishers. The rocky ridge is about 880 yards 
by 550 in area, Mentioned only in Ezek. 27: 8, 11. 

ASH'DOD, is in the K. T. called Azotus, Acts 8: 40. 
Now called Esdud, it is 3 ms. from the Mediterranean 
and just half way from Joppa to Gaza, or 21 ms.., and 
140 ft. above the sea, It has extensive ruins. Its his- 
tory is found in Josh. 15: 46, 47; 1 Sam. 5: and it is re- 
ferred to 22 times. 

ASHDOTH-PISGAH? the springs of Pisgah, proba- 
bly the large springs found on the n.w. of the moun- 
tain, see Pisgah. 

ASH / EK, the most northern tribe and on the n.w. of 
Palestine, whose district was bounded on the w. by the 
Mediterranean and which covered largely the western 
flank of Mt. Lebanon. Asher shared the coast with the 
Phenicians and at one time the district extended south 
to Mt. Carmel. This is also the name of a town, whose 
site is not known, its name is found in Josh. 17: 7. 

ASEKKELON, or Askelon, on the sea-coast, 30 ms. be- 
low Joppa. It has many ruins and, it is said, 37 wells 
of sweet water. The little village of Jura is outside of 
the ruins. King Herod the Great was born here,/ 



21 

ASH'TABOTH? or As'tarotli, a city e. of the Jor- 
dan, Dent. 1 : 4, probably at tell Ashterah in Bashan, 20 
ins. e. of the sea of Galilee. It is, perhaps, the same as 
Ashteroth-kar'naim of Genesis 14: 5. 

ASIA, a district in the W. of that part of western Asia 
which is now called Asia Minor. It included Mysia, 
Lydia and Caria. The term Asia Minor was first used 
in the 4th century of the Christian era to signify all the 
land south of the Black Sea and west of Armenia. 

ASSH'UR, same as Assyria. 

AS'SOS, a Greek city of Mysia, 20 ms. s.e. from 
Troas. It is on the shore and has extensive ruins; it 
is 736 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem and is now called Bei- 
ram,. 

AS'SUB, same as Assyria. 

ASSYRIA, an empire in Western Asia, founded by 
Asshur. In the earliest times it included all the region 
around Nineveh, but it gradually increased in area un- 
til parts of Mesopotamia were added. Its chief river 
was the Tigris. See the map for its surroundings. 

AT'ABOTH, there are three towns by this name. 
1. One is on the east side of the Dead Sea 15 ms. s.e. of 
the mouth of the Jordan and on the heights 8J miles e* 
from the shore. There remain nothing but ruins now 
called Attarus. Mentioned only in Numb. 32: 3, 34. 

2. The second is that of Josh. 16: 2, 7 which has, im- 
probably been supposed to be at a place called Atara, 
6 J ms. n. by w. from Bethel, for from Josh. 15: 2 this 
site appears off the line therein described as also does the 
the site of the ruins at Dariah, as proposed by Conder, 
one m. s.w.of the lower Beth-horon, but Archi at Arik 
3 ms. n.e. from lower Beth-horon, is very probably the 
true site of this town anciently called Archi-ataroth, as 
Luz was called Bethel, Josh. 18: 13. This may be the 



22 

Ataroth-a'dar, or addar, of Josh. 16: 5, but the third At- 
aroth, that of the 7th verse, is not known. 

ATHENS, in Greece, is 5- ms. n.e. of the Saronic gulf 
on the w. side of the iEgean sea, nearly 600 ms. n.w. of 
Jerusalem, on the plain of Attica. Within the city 
were four noted hills one of which was Areopagus (see 
Areopagus). Several hundred years before the Christ- 
ian era it contained about 10,000 houses and many tem- 
ples. One writer says that it was easier to find a god in 
Eome than a man, and the same could have been said 
of Athens more truly. This was about the time of the 
Apostle Paul's visit, when, as it was said, there were 
here 30,000 sculptures of gods and heroes. 

AT'KOTH-SHO'PHAN? this is the form in which 
the word should appear in Numb. 32; 35. It is the 
same as Ataroth and in the region e. of the Dead Sea, 
but its exact site is not known. 

ATTALI'A, pron.- At-ta-ly' ah, a sea-port town of 
Pamphylia. In later times it was called Satalia, now 
it is called Adalia, pron. ada'le-a, population 8000;: the 
houses rise around the port as seats do in an amphithe- 
atre, it is pleasantly situated and open toward the south. 

A / VA ? probably the same as Hit on the Euphrates 
and supposed to be the same as Ahava and Ivah of 
2 Kings 17: 24. 

A'VEN in Ezekiel 30: 17 is the same as ON in E- 
gypt, which see. 

AZE'KAH? J. near Shocoh in the valley of Elah, 
17 ms. w. by s. from Jerusalem. 

AZ / MAYETH, see Beth-azmaveth. 

AZO'TUS, see Ashdod. 

AZZAH, the same as Gaza. 



2B 

BA'ALAH, another name for Khjath-jearim which 
see. 

BA'ALAH, J. same as Balah and Bilhah, now Deir 
el Belah, 8 ms. s.w. from Gaza and one mile from the 
Mediterranean. 

BA'ALAH, MOUNT? perhaps near Jabneel, 25 ms. 
w T . of Jerusalem. 

BA'ALE of J. is the same as Kirjath-jearim. 

BA'AL-MEON, also called Beth-baal-meon and 
Beth-meon, now Ma'in, 11 ms. s.s.w. of Heshbon, and 
has extensive ruins. 

BA'AL-PEOR? not a place, but a worship upon the 
heights of Pisgah at Beth-peor which see. 

BABYLON, the ancient capital of Babylonia and 
Chaldea; it was built on both sides of the Euphrates 
river which is 600 feet wide at this place and 18 
ft. deep. It is about 540 ms. e, by n. from Jerusalem. 
The modern town, Hillah, occupies a part of the ruined 
•site, w T hich was 276 ms. s. of Nineveh. 

BAHTT'RIM? was not far e. from Jerusalem, but 
the exact place is not known. 
BA / LAH, same as Ba'alah. 

BA'SHAN, a district covering the general country 
from Mt. Hermon to Mt. Gilead and eastward to that 
region which w-e have described as Argob. It is re- 
ferred to 60 times. 

BE'ALOTH, w T as on the extreme s. of J. now called 
Kurnub, 53 ms. s. by w. from Jerusalem. 

BEE'ROTH, now el Bireh, 8J ms. n. of Jerusalem';, 
it is now inhabited and is 2820 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean; it is first mentioned in Josh. 9: 17. The Bee- 



24 

roth of Deuteronomy 10: 6 is not known, as to its site, 
BE'ER-SHEBA, is 45 ms. s. by w. from Jerusalem 
and 27 ms. s.w. of Hebron. It means well of the oath 
and was named by Abraham, see G-en. 21 : 31 r it is men- 
tioned 34 times. It is not inhabited but there are two 
large wells there which are used at the present time; 
the site is 788 ft. above the sea. 

BEN'E-BERAK, D. now Ibn Ibrak, 4J ms. e. of 
Joppa and mentioned only in Josh. 19: 45. 

BENJAMIN, tribe of, between E. and J. and bor- 
dering on the Jordan. 

BER'ACHAH, valley of, now wady Bereikut, 8 ms. 
s.s.w. of Jerusalem; mentioned only in 2 Chron. 20: 26. 

BERE'A, a city of Macedonia, 45 ms. w. of Thessa- 
lonica and 22 ms. w. of the gulf of Salonica, the same 
distance n. of Mt. Olympus (9,754 ft. high) and 5 ms. e. 
of the Bermian Mts. A letter to the author, from A- 
thens, dated April, 1884, states that it is a flourishing 
village, population about 8000. 

BETHAB'ARA? house of the ford, was very proba- 
bly on the Jordan, e. of Jericho and not up that river 
near the crossing to Gilead, as Conder places it. It is 
mentioned only in John 1 : 28. 

BETH-A'NATH? N. was probably at the place call- 
ed Ainatha 6 ms. n.w. of the waters of Merom, 93 ms. 
n. of Jerusalem. 

BETH-A'NOTH? J. probably at Beit Ainun, 3 ms. 
n.e. of Hebron. 

BETH'ANY is supposed to mean house of poverty, in 
allusion to its location near the desert, or wilderness, of 
Judea. It may also mean house of dates. It is a small 
village of about 20 rude houses, now called el Aziriyeh 
which means the place of Lazarus, one mile due e. of the s. 



25 

wall of Jerusalem, but by the road nearly two miles 
from St. Stephen's gate. 

BETH-A / KAM? G., this is the spelling as it occurs 
in our English translation, but it is Beth-haram in the 
Hebrew ; Dr. Merril has given good reasons for plac- 
ing it at tell er Rama, 5J ms. n.e. from the Dead Sea. 
In Numb. 32 : 36 it is Beth-haran. 

BETH-AK'BEL? probably the site is at Irbid w. of 
the lake of Tiberias, about two miles, and 70 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem. Name occurs only in Hosea 10: 14. 

BETH-AZ'MAVETH? probably at Hizmeh, a vil- 
lage 4 ms. n.n.e. of Jerusalem. It is 2020 ft. above the 
sea and 2 ms. due s. of Geba which is 200 ft. higher. 
Mentioned only in Neh. 7: 28. 

BETH-BA'AL-ME'ON, or Baal-meon, now Ma'in, 
10 ms. e. of the Dead Sea. Mentioned only in Josh. 13 : 
17. 

BETH-DA'GON, J. at Beit Dejan, 29 ms. n.w. from 
Jerusalem. The name oecurs only in Josh. 15: 41. 

BETHEL, house of God, now Beitin, on the n. bor- 
der of B. and mentioned 60 times in Scripture. Only 
ruins on the s. side of the village, 10 ms n. of Jerusa- 
lem. There was another Bethel, s. of Jerusalem, site 
unknown, Josh. 12: 16. 

BETHEK? perhaps some beantiful hills, possibly 
those 5 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem, as a similar name is found 
there. 

BETHES'DA? not certainly located, but tradition 
places it at the ruined pool inside, and just s. of, St. 
Stephen's gate. 

BETH-GA'MUL? the supposed site is at Urn el Je- 
mal 70 ms. n.n.e. of Jerusalem. The Scripture name 
means house of the camel, but the Arab name, mother 



26 

of the camel, — it is doubtful that this is the true site for 
it was in Moab and there is no proof that this region 
was ever called Moab, it must have been nearer the 
Dead Sea. It is mentioned only in Jer. 48: 23. 

BETH-HACCEBEM? pron. hak'-se-rem, J., proba- 
bly the Frank mountain, 4 ms. s.e. of Jerusalem. Keh. 
3: 14, Jer. 6: 1, are the only references. 

BETH-HA'KAN, or Beth-aran, see Beth-aram. 

BETH-H(yGLAH, or Hoglah, B., now Am Hajlah 
between Jericho and the Jordan. Only three times 
mentioned. 

BETH-HO'KON, Levitical city in E., there were 
two of this name, the Upper and the Lower, If m. a- 
part — the lower guarded the pass down the valley to 
the coast of the Mediterranean. Mentioned 14 times. 
The Upper was 10 and the Lower 11 J ms. n.w. of Je- 
rusalem. 

BETH-JES'IMOTH? and Jesh'imoth, house of 
wastes, in Moab, about a mile e. of Jordan and one m. 
n. of the Dead Sea. 

BETHLEHEM, J. now Beit Lahm, or house of bread 
4f ms. s. of Jerusalem, on a ridge 2550 ft. above the sea. 
First mentioned in Gen. 25: 19, last mentioned in John 
7: 42. The oldest Christian church in the world is to 
be found here, built A. D. 330, over the reputed place 
of our Saviors's birth. Population at present is about 
5000. It is mentioned 40 times in the Old Testament 
and 8 times in the New. Another Bethlehem was in 
Z. and its site is nearly 7 ms. w. by n. from Nazareth, 
70 ms. a little w. of n. from Jerusalem, 638 ft. above 
the sea, it is only a very small place, now also called 
Beit Lahm] its only reference is in Josh. 19: 15. 

BETH-MA'ACHAH, same as Abel, and so called 
onlv twice. 



27 

BETH-ME'ON, same as Baal-meon, referred to only 
in Jer. 48:23, 

BETH-NIM'RAH, now Nimrin, about \\ ms. e. of 
Jordan, and about 10 ms. n. of the Dead Sea, it is the 
same as Nimrah ; Nimrin is the plural, which see. On- 
ly ruins are to be seen, and a large stream passes near 
the place. Isaiah 15 : 6. The supposed location s. of 
the Dead Sea is improbable. 

BETH-PE'OR, a place on Pisgah, Deut. 3 : 29, 4 : 46, 
34: 6, Josh. 13: 20, are the only passages in which the 
name occurs. 

BETH'-PH A-GE ? house of figs, it was near Beth- 
any. Dr. Barclay thought that he had found its site 
on the rocky s.w. spur of Olivet, a few hundred yards 
s. of the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. It is shown 
on Osborn's map of Jerusalem. 

BETH-REHOB, see Rehob. 

BETH-SA'IDA? house of fishing, M., 2 ms. n. of the 
upper end of the sea of Galilee and just e. of the Jordan. 
It was called julias in honor of a daughter of the Em- 
peror Augustus and to distinguish it from a western 
Bethsaida which many think was immediately across 
the river from julias, but in Galilee, according to John 
12: 21. But this seems at variance with Mark 6: 45 — 
48, for the place of the miracle was only two or three 
ms. or less from where they would land for the western 
Bethsaida if that place was only just across the river 
but Mark 6: 53 shows that it was in the region of Gen- 
nesaret. Its site is only probably known as on the n. 
limits of the plain of Gennesaret. 

BETH-SHE'AN, or Beth-shan, I. A village of about 
50 houses and many fine ruins about 3 ms. in circuit. 
Assigned to M. but in the territory of I. Its history is 
given, in part, in 1 Sam. 31 : 10 — 12, but the place is 



28 

mentioned elsewhere seven times. It is exactly 3 ms. 
from the Jordan and 15 ms. s. by w. from the sea of 
Galilee. Now called Beisan, formerly scythopolis. 

BETH-SHE'MESH, Levitical city in J., now Ain 
Shems, probably the same as Ir-shemesh (Josh. 19: 41) 
but not mount Heres of Judges 1 : 35. It is now only 
ruins 14 \ ms. a little s. of w. from Jerusalem. It is spo- 
ken of in 1 Sam. 6 : 9. Two other places are called by 
the same name, one being in IN", and the other in I. but 
their exact sites are unknown. On in Egypt is also 
called by this name, see ON. 

BETH-TAP'PTTAH, J., but once mentioned, Josh. 
15: 53. Now Tuffuh, a little village 3 J ms. w. of He- 
bron, 2655 ft. above the sea. 

BETH'-ZUR, J., now BeitSur, only ruins, 4 ms. n. a 
little w. from Hebron and mentioned four times, first in 
Josh. 15: 58, further history in 2 Chron. 11 : 7. 

BITHYN'IA, named only in Acts 16: 7 and # l Pet- 
er ■ 1 : 1. It was a district bordering upon the Black sea 
and formerly an independent kingdom, but its king be- 
queathed it to the Romans about 74 B. C. and after- 
ward it was enlarged by Augustus until it reached the 
Euxine, or Black sea. It had Paphlagonia on the e. of 
the river Parthenius (now Bartan, long. 32° 17') ; Phry- 
gia and Mysia on the s. and the Thracian Bosphorus 
with the Propontis and Mysia on the w. Chalcedon 
and Nice were among its cities. It was 300 ms. long 
and 75 ms. wide and it was 400 ms. n.n.w. from Jeru- 
salem. 

BO'ZEZ? one of two rocks spoken of in 1 Sam. 14 : 4, 
5, which Dr Kobinson thought that he identified in 
Wady Suweinet, between Geba and Michmash. 

BOZ / RAH, there were two cities of this name. 1. 
Bozrah of Edom, now Buseirah, some 20 ms. s. of the 




Modern Donkey-riding in Costume. 



29 

Dead S^a and "half way between it and Petra. It con- 
tains about 50 houses with some ruins. First mentioned 
in Gen. 36: 33. 2. The other Bozrah is that of Moab, 
and it has been supposed to be identified with the mod- 
ern Buzrah, 60 ms.s, of Damascus but this place is too 
far off from Moab and the supposition is doubtful. 

CA / BTJL, now a small hamlet called Kabul, 9 ms. s. 
e. of Accho and 74 ms. n. of Jerusalem. 

CAIN? the site is supposed to be at some ruins call- 
ed Yukin, 3 ms. s. e. of Hebron. There are no inhabi- 
tants and the place is mentioned only in Josh. 15 : 57. 

CA / LAH? one of the earliest Assyrian cities found- 
ed by Asshur, not by Nimrod, as one Bib. Diet, mis- 
takes,* see Gen. 10: 11. It is mentioned but once and 
its remains are those at the present Nimrud 20 ms. a lit- 
tle e. of s. from Nineveh, where are ruins of palaces, 
temples and walls. 

CA / LEBofl Sam. 30: 14 was a district including 
Hebron and Debir with the springs of Josh. 15: 13 ; in 
chapters 14 and 15 we have its history. 

CAI/NEH? of Gen. 10: 10 seems, according to the 
Talmud, to have been called, afterward, nopher and is 
now called Niffer, a very ancient ruin 50 ms. s.e. of Bab- 
ylon. It was founded by Nimrod, and probably the 
same as Calneh of Amos 6: 2 and Calno of Isaiah 10: 9 
and possibly the Canneh of Ezek. 27: 23. 

CA.I/VARY? is never spoken of as mount Calvary 
in Scripture, it was simply a place, but not certainly 
known although believed to be at The Church of the 
Holy Sepulchre, see the Panorama of Jerusalem on Os- 

* Schaff's Bible Diet., p. 159, Amer. S. S. Union. 



BO 

"born and Coleman's map, last edition. 

CANA of GALILEE? some say, with tradition, was 
at kefr Kenna which means village of Cana. Others, 
suppose that it was at the place called Kenna el Jelil 
which means Cana of Galilee, where rains are to he 
found. The former is 3§ ms. n.e., and the latter 8 ms. n. ? 
of Nazareth. 

CA'N A AN, land of, mentioned 82 times in the 0. T. 
Pron. ka'nan or ka'na-an. It was the name "by which 
the land of Israel was known hefore the Israelites took 
possession of it. First mentioned in Gen. 11: 31 and 
ever after used as associated with the Canaanites; once 
it refers to the Philistines, Zeph. 2:5; twice used as an 
opprohrium, Hosea 12: 7, Ezek. 16: 3, in the former 
passage translated 'merchant' hut meaning Canaan. 
The land was on the west of Jordan, Num. 34: 9 — 12. 
In the N.T., the region of Tyre and Sidon was called 
Canaan, Matt. 15: 21. Its extent was from near Ha- 
math to about the south end of the Dead Sea, the for- 
mer place being about 113 ms. n. of Damascus, or in 
total length about 250 miles. 

CAN'NEH, see Calneh, 

CAPER'NAUM? somewhere upon the n.w. shore of 
the sea of Galilee, but its exact location is not settled. 
There are several reasons for placing it at Khan Min- 
yeh on the n. side of the plain of Gennesaret. But some 
place it at tell Hum. It seems certain that it was at 
one, or the other place. 

CAPADO'CIA, was one of the largest and, except- 
ing Pontus, the most easterly province of Asia Minor. 
It was on high table land, w. of Armenia, n. of Syria, 
440 ms. n. of Jerusalem. 

CARCHE / MISH, or Charchemish— (meaning not 
known), a Hittite city of great importance, on the Eu- 



31 

phrates river, discovered by consul Skene and George 
Smith, about 1876, at a place 16 ms. s. of the large Tur- 
kish town Bir on the w. side of the river. Prof. Sach- 
au saj's that the true present name is Djerabis not Dje- 
rabolos. The ruins are remarkable and extensive and 
will soon be more thoroughly examined. See 2 Chron. 
35: 20. It was 380 ms. n. by e. from Jerusalem and a- 
bout 350 ms. a little n, of w. from Nineveh. Its iden- 
tification with CIRCESIUM,OrMABBOGH-HIERAPOLIS,by 

Eawlinson and Maspero, is doubted. 

C AR'MEL, the name of both a mountain range and 
a town.- The mountain is from 60 to 70 ms. n.w. of Je- 
rusalem, 12 ms. long, measured from the Mediterranean 
sea-shore. It is very fruitful and its highest point is 
11 ms. inland, where it is 1810 ft. above the sea. 

The town is in J., 26 ms. s. of Jerusalem, uovj Rurmel 
6 ms. s. from Hebron, has ruins and a strong ancient 
castle. 

CE'DRON, in the N. T., but always Kidron in the 
O. T., it is a brook valley just e. of the walls of Jerusa- 
lem. The valley is always dry except after heavy rains. 
It is referred to 11 times, but never as Kedron as some 
write it. It occurs, in the N. T., only in John 18: 1. 

CEIST'CHKEA, was the eastern harbor of Corinth 
and 5 ms. e. from the city, the remains of which are 
called Kenkris. It is 820 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem, 140 
ms. due w. from Ephesus. Pronounced sen'hre-a. 

CESARE'A (never spelled Caesarea in Scripture), 
now Kaisariyeh, on the sea-coast, only ruins remain, 
53 ms. n.n.w. of Jerusalem. Formerly the most cele- 
brated Roman city in Palestine. 

CESARE'A PHILIPS, now Ba?iias, 11 ms. n. of 
the waters of Merom, 24 ms. n. of the sea of Galilee. 
Called by the Greeks paneas because of the existence 



32 

of a temple erected to the pagan god Pan, hence the 
present name. There are ruins here and about 50 
houses and a remarkable castle, Never written Caesa- 
rea Philippi in Scripture. 

CHALDE'A, a country anciently situated on both 
sides of the Euphrates and extending to the Persian 
Gulf. With some variations of boundary it lasted from 
2300 to 1300 B. C. The Assyrian empire then came in- 
to superior power from 1270 B. C. to 625 B. C: then 
the Babylonian which included the ancient Chaldean, 
The fourth kingdom, in this region, began at the last 
mentioned date and was the Medo-Persian. UK, and 
BABYLON were cities of Chaldea; the name is usual- 
ly written without the diphthong. 

CHA'NAAN, same as CANAAN which see. 

CHEPHIEAH? B., pron. ke-fi'rah, probably the 
little village called Kefireh, 4f ms. w. by s. of Gibeon, 
8 ms. w.n.w. from Jerusalem. Only a small ruin, 2510 
ft. above the sea. 

CHEBITH? a brook, pron. ke'rith, most probably 
the present wady Kelt, w. of Jericho; Jerusalem is 10 
ms. s.w. of its western part. 

CHESALON? pron. kes / alon, now Kesla, 10 ms.due 
w. from Jerusalem. 

CHESULLOTH? pron. kesuVloth, also Chisloth-ta- 
bor, pron. kis'loth, the place was in I., 60 ms. n. of Je- 
rusalem, now Iksal, a small village 3 ms. w. of Mt. Ta- 
bor. 

CHEZIB, same as Achzib. 

CHINNERETH? or Chinneroth, pron. kin'ne-reth, 
an ancient city mentioned only in the O. T. and prob- 
ably near the site of the present Tiberias. The lake 
was formerly called by this name; called, also, Cinne- 
roth in 1 Kings 15: 20. 



33 

CHI-OS, an island in the ^Egean sea, 4 ms. off the 
coast of Asia Minor, its length n. and s. is 32 ms., its 
greatest width, 18 ms. and its area 508 sq. ms. 

CHOKA'ZIN, now Keraseh, 2 ms. off the n. shore of 
the sea of Galilee, 80 ms. n. of Jerusalem. There are 
some ruins but no inhabitants; pron. kora'zin. 

CILI'CIA, a s.e. province of Asia Minor, having 
Cappadocia on the n., Syria on the e., the Mediterra- 
nean on the s. and Pamphylia on the w. Tarsus was 
its capital. 

CINNEROTH, see Chinneroth. 

CLAU'DA, a small island in the Mediterranean, 7 
ms. long by 4 wide, 22 s. of Crete, with a high mount- 
ain in its s. part; now called Ghaudo. 

CNIDT7S, pron. nidus, once a Greek city with a fine 
harbor, at the extreme s.w. corner of Asia Minor, on 
Cape Crio, but now in many ruins. 

COLOS'SE, a city of Phrygia on the river Lycus, a 
branch of the Meander, now uninhabited ruins. Near- 
ly 400 ms. n.w. of Jerusalem. 

CO / OS, pron. ko'os, an island 21 ms. long from n.e. to 
s.w., it is in the .egeax sea, 53 ms. n.w. of Khodes, noAV 
called Stanchio (pron. start' keo). 

COPv'INTH, the splendid capital of Achaia, -46 ms. 
w. of Athens, Cenchrea was its e. sea-port. It is now 
desolate except that the little miserable village Gortho 
occupies a part of its ancient site. 

CRETE, now Candia, an island in the Mediterranean 
s. of Thrace, 160 ms. long by about 35 wide, midway be- 
tween Syria and Italy. Mt. Ida, in the middle, is o- 
ver 7000 ft. high. 

CUSH, the name of a district, at the beginning of 
biblical history, near the head of the Persian Gulf, but 



34 

afterward, in the migration of the Cushite family, the 
name was applied to s.e. and to s. Arabia and gradual- 
ly to western Arabia not long before the time of Solo- 
mon. After that time the Cushites had spread them- 
selves not only in Arabia but as it appears from the mon- 
uments, had crossed the Bed Sea at the straits of Bab el 
Mancleb and settled in Abyssinia in that part called, af- 
terward, by the Greek geographers,-Ethiopia. Wher- 
ever Ethiopia occurs in our English translation of the 
Scriptures, it is Cush in the Hebrew. The Cushites 
were a dark race and were so described on the monu- 
ments, but were distinct from the negroes. In Gen. 2: 
13, Cush is at the head of the Persian Gulf. In Num. 
12: 1 the -'ethiopian" was an Arabian Cushite, in 2 Ks. 
19: 9 it refers to the land now known as Ethiopia but 
in the Hebrew it is always "Cush." 

CUTH, or Cuthah, found only in 2 Kings 17: 24. 30. 
Hassam has discovered (1879) bricks in a ruin 15 ms. n. 
e. of the ruins of Babylon with the name of Cuth inscri- 
bed upon them and this place is, therefore, supposed to 
be the site. 

CY'PBUS, an island, in the eastern Mediterranean, 
140 ms. long, 69 ms. w. of the Syrian coast and about 
50 ms. s. of Cilicia, in its widest part it is 50 ms.; it is 
230 ms. n.w. of Jerusalem and 350 ms. due e. of Crete. 

CYBE'NE, the capital of a small province, and for- 
merly the chief city of Libya in northern Africa, in the 
region now called Barca on the e. of Tripoli. It is now 
desolate, on a plateau 1800 ft. above the sea and 400 ms. 
a little n. of w. of Jerusalem. 



DAB'EKATH, Z. and L, now Dehurieh, near the w. 
foot of Mt. Tabor. Mentioned only in Josh. 19: 12 
and perhaps the same as Dabereh of Josh. 21 : 28. 



35 

DALMANU'THA? of Mark 8: 10, was on the w. of 

the sea of Tiberias; from comparison with Matt. 15: 39, 
it must have been near Magdala and some ruins and 
springs called ain el Barideh, are supposed to be at the 
place. 

DALMA'TIA, a mountainous district e. of the Ad- 
riatic sea, in Illyria, see 2 Tim. 4: 10. 

DAMAS'CUS, the most ancient city of Syria, men- 
tioned first in Gen. 14: 15 and in such a way as to render 
it probable that it was in existence 1900 years B. C. It 
is watered by the Abana which runs through the eity. 
The Mt. Hermon range is on the w. and the great Syrian 
desert on the e. It is 135 ms. n.n.e. from Jerusalem, on 
a plain which is more than 2200 ft. above the Mediterra- 
nean. Parts of the city are built upon buried ruins. The 
population in 1884 was supposed to be about 200,000. 

DAN, was the name, at first, of only a tribe-district on 
the Mediterranean w. of Judah; afterward an addition- 
al district in the n. of Palestine s. of Mt. Hermon was so 
called and also a city ,now tell el Kadi/, anciently called 
Laish, see Judg. 18. The city was 103 ms. n. of Jeru- 
salem. 

DAN'NAH? J. probably at the modern village Idh- 
na, as Conder thinks — not at Domeh as a recent Bible 
Dictionary places it. Idhna is 8 ms. n.n.w. of Hebron 
and 21 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. 

DE'BIR? of Josh. 10: 38, 39, is probably to be placed 
at Dhoheriyeh 11 ms. s.w. of Hebron; it is 2150 ft. above 
the sea and an inhabited village with many ancient cis- 
terns. Onthen.e.. 6J ms. off, are many springs which 
are thought to be those referred to in Judg. 1 : 15. 

DECAP / OLIS, a name meaning "ten cities," whose 
locations are not all certainly known, but their gene- 
ral region was e. and s. of the sea of Tiberias, as far as 



36 

Damascus on the n. and Beth-shean on the s., including 
these cities. 

DER'BE? a city of Lycaonia, about 35 ms.'s. of e. of 
Lystra, as some suppose, but its site has not been iden- 
tified satisfactorily. 

DI'BON, now Dhiban, 13 ms. e. of the Dead Sea and 
3 ms. n. of the river Arnon. It has extensive ruins and 
no inhabitants. The so-called Moabite stone contain- 
ing an inscription engraved 900 vears B. C, was found 
here in 1868. 

DOR, a royal city of the Canaanites. now Tantura, 7 
ms. north of Cesarea on the sea-coast, 60 ms. n. by w. 
of Jerusalem. 

DOTH AN, now tell Dothan, 42* ms. n. of Jerusalem, 
5 ms. s.w. of Jenin on the s. of a beautiful plain but 
with only a few ruins on a hill. 

DU / MAH, now Domeh, only ruins, 9 J ms. s.w. of He- 
bron on an elevation 2190 ft. above the Mediterranean 
and 21 ms. s.w. from Jerusalem. 



E'BAL, one of two mountains, 27 ms. n. of Jerusa- 
lem and very near to each other at their bases. Mt. 
Gerizim was the other mountain on the s. and its top 
was If m. distant from that of Ebal. Ebal is 3077 ft. 
and G-erizim 2849 ft. above the sea. The valley between 
them is about 1900 ft. above the sea and in this valley 
is the town of Shechem which is f of a mile in length. 

ED'REI, the chief city of Bashan, 20 ms. e. of the n. 
end of the sea of Tiberias. Now Edhra with many ru- 
ins, a population of 500, but with no spring or stream 
and in a rocky region of difficult access. 

ECBAT'ANA, is the same as Ach / metha which 
name occurs only in Ezra 6: 2, but in the margin call- 



37 

<ed Ecbatana. It was in Media, 190 ms. nearly s. of the 
Caspian sea and 280 ms. n.e. of Babylon. Now called 
Hamadan. There is another Ecbatana, only ruins, 90 
ms. s.w. from the Caspian, but not of present interest. 
Hamadan has about 80,000 in population and trades 
largely in leather. 

EG'LON, now Ajlan,, only ruins, on a hill 1-5 J ms. 
e, by n. of Gaza, 34 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. 

EGYPT, in biblical times, was chiefly that region 
now known as Lower Egypt and it was that narrow 
strip each side of the Nile, except at the Delta. We 
must refer the reader to the map. It was called the 
land of Ham and Kahab, Ps. 89; 105: Isaiah 61, In 
the Hebrew Scriptures it is called ■ Mizraim which is 
similar to the Arabic name Misr. Its length n. and s. 
is about 550 ms., but the habitable land is only about 12 
ms. wide, all beyond being sand waste and desolate 
mountains. See Qsbom's Ancient Egyirt in the Light of 
Modern Discoveries: Robert Clarke § Co., Cincinnati, O. 
The name occurs 613 times in the Scriptures of which 
number 24 are in the New Testament. 

EK'KON, J., now Akir, a wretched village of mud 
hovels, 200 ft. above the Mediterranean which is 8 ms. 
distant. It is 24 ms. w. by n. from Jerusalem and over- 
hangs a beautiful plain of 5 or 6 square ms. on the s. 

ELAH, valley of, now icady es Sumt, or acacia valley, 
about 16 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. The acacia, or terebinth 
tree, is still found here. 

E / LAM, a province of Persia of which Susa was cap- 
ital, the latter was the "Shusha'n the Palace" of Daniel 
and Nehemiah. The ruins are now found 220 ms. e. 
of Babylon, 155 ms. n. of the Persian Gulf. 

ELEA / LEH, K., e. of Jordan, now el Aal, 1 m. n.e. 
of Heshbon, mentioned 5 times, but not important. 



E / LIM? this was the second halting place of the Is- 
raelites after crossing the Bed Sea and has been iden- 
tified, most probably, with toady Gharandel, where are 
still remaining a few palms and perhaps the best water 
between Cairo and Mt. Sinai. 

EI/LASAR? very probably at Larsa, 108 ms. s.e. of 
Babylon, 15 ms. e.from Erech in ancient Chaldea. On- 
ly a mound with ruins, but the inscriptions show that it 
was a more ancient city than Babylon. See Gen. 14: 1 ? 
9, as the only places in which it is mentioned. 

EM'MAITS? it seems probable that this village was- 
at the place now called 'Amwas, 22 ms. w. of Jerusalem,, 
since the Sinaitic manuscript reads 160 instead of 60 fur- 
longs from Jerusalem, in Luke 24; 13, This is both the 
proper distance and the name, if this be not accepted 
the place is not known. 

EN'DOR, spring of Dor. in I., but possessed by M, 7 
now Endur, on the n. side of a high hill and 58 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem. The hill is a spur of the hill of Moreh. 

EN-GAN'NIM, or Anem, now Jenin, it is s. of the 
plain of esdraelon; it is a large village, supposed to 
have 3000 inhabitants, with a tine springy 45 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem, 

EN-GE'DI, J. on the w, shore of the Dead Sea, 21 
ms. s. of the n. end. Now Ain Jidy, fountain of the kid, 
it was first called Hazezon tamar, Gen. 14: 7. The 
spring is a little less than J mile from the shore and a- 
bout 662 ft. above the Dead Sea surface, but 630 ft. be- 
low the Mediterranean Sea level. The ancient town 
of village, was probably n.w, and e. of the spring, but 
must have been built upon terraces. 

E'NON? springs, some have supposed the site to be 
n. e."'of Shechem and 7 ms. n. of a village now called Sa- 
lim the latter being 3 ms. e. of Shechem. Three ms. 



s.w. of tills supposed site of Enon are several springs in 
a valley. These coincidences have led some to place 
Enon here. But both the words Salim and that for 
■springs, are among the most common. There is anoth- 
er Salim, or name of similar form, in the wady of that 
name, 3 to 4 ms. me. of Jerusalem and very much water 
Ho wing from one large spring and several others, 2 ms. 
n.e. at ain Farak. Therefore as that immense spring- 
supply (as Dr. Barclay describes it) suggests the word 
-'springs, or Enon, and the name suggests the Salim of 
John, it has been located at this place with far greater 
23robability, for the former place was in Samaria and 
the latter in Judea. Now from John 8: 22, 23, it ap- 
pears that both Jesus and John were baptizing in Ju- 
dea and their proximity to each other gave occasion to 
the remarks recorded in the 26th verse. Then it ap~ 
pears that Jesus left Judea for Galilee, chap. 4:1, with 
the intention of getting out of the neighborhood of 
John and the appearance of rivalry. On the way to 
Galilee he comes to Jacob's well near Sychar in Sama- 
ria. Now if the first supposed site is the location of E- 
non Jesus was nearer John than before. But the im- 
probability of this site arises from the fact that it sup- 
poses that John left Judea and went baptizing among 
the Samaritans, with whom, we are told by the Evan- 
gelist, the Jews had no dealings. It is almost cer- 
tain, therefore, that Enon was not at the site first de- 
scribed. 

EN-RO'GEL? near Jerusalem, perhaps at the well 
of Job, in the valley of Hinnom, 1000 yards s. of the 
temple wall. 

EN-SHEM'ESH? fountain of the sun, is perhaps that 
spring now called The Aj>ostles' spring, about 2 ms. e.of 
Jerusalem. 

EPH / ESUS, was one of the two most important cit- 



40 

ies of Asia Minor, Smyrna Being the other. It was no- 
ted for its magnificent temple of Diana, and was situa- 
ted in a plain near the sea, nearly surrounded by moun- 
tains and 35 ms. s.s.e. of Smyrna, 

E'PHBAIM, a tribe-district in the midst of Palest- 
ine. Its boundaries are given in Josh. 16. 

E'KECH, an ancient city built by Nimrod, Gen. 10: 
10, and whose site seems to have been discovered at a ru- 
in covered mound, 95 ms. s.e. from Babylon, now called 
Wctrka. The monuments prove that it was a city of 
early Babylonian learning and it seems to have been an . 
old city in the time of Abram 7 but it is now entirely des- 
olate. 

ESH'COL, valley of, ? not positively known, but very 
probably it was the valley leading down from Hebron 
toward the south. 

ESHTEMO'A, now Semua, a village of 200 inhabi- 
tants, 26 ms. s.s.w. of Jerusalem, with ruins. It is the 
same as Eshtemoh, 

E / TAM? the name of both a town and a rock, the 
former supposed to be 7 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem and the 
rock at the rock cavern at Belt Atah, 9 ms. w. by s. of 
Jerusalem. 

ETHIOPIA, called Cush in the Hebrew. It is a 
country s. of Egypt, bordering on the Bed Sea, includ- 
ing Nubia and the districts surrounding the "White and 
Blue Niles, which are branches of the Nile. But more 
anciently the word had no reference to this part of the 
world, as we have shown under 'Cush.' 

EUPHRATES, is the largest river in Western A- 
sia, its whole length being 1780 ms. It rises in Arme- 
nia, overflows its banks every spring, is navigable for 
large ships for 70 ms. from its mouth and for small 
steamers to Bir, 1197 ms.; it empties into the Persian 




Sea of Galilee, looking North- East, 



41 

Gulf after being joined by the Tigris at a point nearly 
100 ms. from the Gulf. The increment of land about 
the mouth, has been found to be about one mile in 30 
years, which is said to be double that of any other. 

FAIK HAVENS, a harbor on the middle of the s. 
shore of the island of Crete. It is called, yet, by the 
same name. Acts 27: 8. 

GA'ASH, a hill where Joshua was buried. It is 
probably that hill s. of Tibneh where are tombs and just 
n. of which was Timnath-serah. Josh. 24: 30. 

GAB A, same as Geba. 

GAD, a tribe-district e. of Jordan, s. of the sea of 
Tiberias and on the Jordan. In Josh. 13: 25-28, we 
have the boundaries. 

GAD'ABENES, country of; probably the same as 
Gergesenes : it surrounded a city called Gadara, 6 ms. 
s. of the sea of Tiberias and it extends to that sea. 

GALA'TIA, the central province of Asia Minor, 
but its boundaries changed several times. It is high 
table land. It is sufficiently denned upon the map. 

GAI/ILEE sea of, same as, Tiberias, sea of andGen- 
nesaret, lake of. 

GATH ? "wine press"', supposed to be at tell es safi, 
23J ms. w. by s. from Jerusalem, now a village with 
ruins, on n. the side of a hill 695 ft. above the sea. 

GATH-HE'PHEK, Z., also called Gittah-h., 2\ ms. 
n. n. e. of. Nazareth. It is now a small village on a hill 
and called el Meshed. 

GA'ZA, nearly 50 ms. s. w. from Jerusalem; it has 
nearly 18,000 inhabitants (1884) ; it is 2 ms. from the 
Mediterranean and 180 ft. above it. Now called 
Ghuzzeh. 



42 

GE'BA? or Gaba, "a hill", Levitical city of B. Now 
Jeba, a deserted village 5 ms. n. from Jerusalem and 
upon a hill. 

GE'BAL, now Jebeil, 17 ms. n.n.e. of Beyrout; a vil- 
lage of several hundred inhabitants near the shore of 
the Mediterranean with many ruins and some hewn 
stones each 20 ft. long. 

GE'DOB? now Jedur, 13J ms. s.w. from Jerusalem, 
on a ridge 2990 ft. above the sea, uninhabited, but with 
many ruins. 

GENNES'ABET, land of, w. of sea of Tiberias, a 
small plain, well watered and rich, formerly, extending 
about 3 ms. along the shore and, in one part, 2 ms. w. 
of the lake. 

GENNESABET, lake of, same as Tiberias, sea of, 
which refer to. 

GE'BAB? the site of the ancient town is not posi- 
tively known, but the uninhabited ruins called Ummel 
Jerrar, \ mile e. of the Wady Ghuzzeh and 6 ms. s. of 
Gaza, more probably, the ancient site. 

GEB'GESA and Gergesenes, perhaps same as Ga- 
darenes which see. 

GEB'IZIM, Mt., s. of Shechem, 2849 ft. above the 
Mediterranean and about 950 ft. above Shechem. See 
Ebal. 

GETHSEM'ANE "oil press", according to tradition 
it is e. of the Kidron about 100 yds. and at the foot of 
Mt. of Olives. This tradition can be traced back to 
about 400 A. D. A wall was built around it in 1847. 

GEZEB, now Tell el Jezer, 18 ms. w. by n. from Je- 
rusalem. There are ruins here and the boundary stone 
with ancient Hebrew letters, giving the name and 



43 

boundaries of the Levitical city, establishes beyond 
doubt the site. 

GIB'EAH? J., 11 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. 

GIB'EAH? B., 12 ms. n. of Jeruaalem. 

GIB'EAH of Saul, now Tuleil el Ful, 3 ms. n. of Je- 
rusalemt The word means "a hill" and hence may 
easily be confounded with a common name as when it 
simply designates a hill as in 1 Sam. 7: 1. 

GIBSON, now el Jib, 4 ms. n. of Jerusalem, a small 
village with a large spring and pool at its e. base, which 
may be the pool mentioned in 2 Sam. 2:13 and Jer. 41 : 
12. Same as Helkath-hazzurim, see 2 Sam. 2: 16. 

GILBO'A, Mt. e. of the plain of Jezreel, about 10 
ms. long and 1917 ft. above the Mediterranean, 51 ms. 
n. from Jerusalem. 

GII/EAD, the name of a mountain and a district e. 
of Jordan, 50 ms. n.e. from Jerusalem. 

GILGAL? now Jiljulia, on the plain of Jordan, 15 
ms. n.e. by e. from Jerusalem, 3 ms. w. of the Jordan. 
Another place of the same name is due n. of Jerusalem 
17 ms., now Jiljilieh. The first is referred to in Josh. 
4: 19, 20, the second, in 2 Kings 2: 1, 4: 38. That of 
Josh. 12: 23 is not known. 

GIMZO, now Jimzu, 18 ms. w. from Jerusalem, 2 ms. 
s.e. of Lydda on the plain of Sharon. 

GITTAH-HE'PHEK, same as Gath-he'pher. 
GOLAN? a city of refuge, its site is not known, but 
its district was e. of the sea of Tiberias. 
GOI/GOTHA, same as Calvary. 

GOMOEKAH? site not known, but there is a name 
of a wady (valley) on s.w. side of the Dead Sea, which 
seems to point to that region. See Sodom. 



44 

GCKSHEN ? J., supposed to be now Sekiyeh, 40 ms. 
s. of Jerusalem. 

GO'SHEN? the exact limits, of this district in Egypt, 
are not known, but it was some where in those parts on 
the e. of the Delta where the name appears on the 
map. 

GO'ZAN, a district in Mesopotamia 300 ms. n.w. from 
Babylon, watered by the modern Khabour, a branch of 
the Euphrates. It is called Habor in 2 Kings 17: 6. 

GEEAT SEA, now called the Mediterranean Sea. 

GKEECE, called also Grecia and Achaia. See map. 

HA / BOR, see Gozan, 1 Chron. 5 : 26, this means, 
probably "the river of Gozan". 

HA / DID? same as Adithaim and Adida, now Ha- 
ditheh, 14 ms. s.e. from Joppa, 18 ms. n.w. of Jeru- 
salem. 

HA'I, see Ai. 

HALAH, its site has probably been discovered at a 
place called "the castle" near the Khabour, 800 ms. n. 
w. of Babylon. 2 Kings 17:6. 

HALHUL, J., now Halhul, a village with ruins 13 
ms. s. of Jerusalem. 

HAM? supposed to be at Ar, Gen. 14: 5 is the only 
reference. 

HA / MATH, fortress, one of the oldest cities in 
Syria, Gen. 10: 18, wherein Hamathite means inhabi- 
tant of Hamath. Its importance was signified by 
Amos (6: 2) who calls it "the great". Now called 
Hamah, 245 ms. n. by e. from Jerusalem, on the river 
Orontes. Its population is 44,000. The "entrance in 




Lebanon, 5 miles South of Beyrout, from nature, by the author. 



45 

of Hamath" is the pass through the mountains of Leb- 
anon on the south. 

HAM'MATH? warm springs, N., s. of the city of 
Tiberias and on the shore of the sea of that name, at 
the warm springs, 69 ms. n. of Jerusalem, 

HAMMON, Josh. 19: 28, 1 Chron. 6; 76 the only 
references. This place has been mentioned as identi- 
fied with an Ain Hamul, 10 ms. s. of Tyre. The latter 
is a spring s. of Wacly Zerka but there is no other evi- 
dence of importance; one mile from the sea coast. It 
has been associated, without sufficient reason, with 
UMMAH. Josh. 19: 30. 

HAEA of 1 Chron. 5: 26, is probably the same as 
Haran. 

HA'RAN of Gen, 11: 31, 32 and eight other places 
are very probably the present Harran about 430 ms. 
n. w. from Babylon, on a small stream running s. to the 
Euphrates 70 ms, distant. It contains the traditional 
tomb of Terah and is a small village. Same as Char'- 
ran of Acts 7 : 2. 

HA'RETH? J., the name of a forest, and probably 
a city near to the forest. The place called Kharas, 15 
ms. s. of Jerusalem, may be the site of the city. 

HAROD, a fountain, but called a well, Judg. 7: 1, 
on the n. side of Gilboa, 51 ms. n. of Jerusalem, now 
ain Jalud. 

HARO'SHETH of the Gentiles, is with great prob- 
ability to be located near the modern Harithiyeh, now 
a little mud village, 9 ms. almost due s.e. from Haifa, 
near the n.e. base of Mt. Carmel. It is | m. e. of the 
river Kishon. Judg. 4: 2, 13, 16, are the only refer- 
ences. 



46 

HAT7RAN, now a district with some ruined cities 
25 to 30 ms. e. of the sea of Tiberias, but it is probable 
that the only mentions (Ezek. 47: 16, 18) had reference 
to a city by that name, now unknown. 

HAZAR-AD'DAR, called Adar in Josh. 15: 3, it is 
probable that its site is at ain el Kudeirat, between 60 
and 70 ms. s.W. of the Dead Sea. 

HAZE'ROTH was the second named station after 
leaving Sinai. It has been identified, probably, at ain 
Hadherah, about 45 ms. n.e. of Sinai. 

HAZEZON-TAMAR, afterward called En-gedi, 
which see. In Gen. 14: 7 it is in the Hebrew, Haza- 
zon-tamar and in 2 Chron. 20: 2, in the Hebrew, it is 
Hazezon-tamar — just the the reverse of the order found 
in our English translation. It is probable that the lat- 
ter is the only correct form, as the Masoreth Hebrew 
asserts, see Purver Orit. Trans, of O. and N. T. folio, 2 
vols., London, 1764- 

HAZOR? there were four of this name, none of them 
certainly known. One was given to N. and supposed 
to be just s. of Mt. Hermon. That mentioned in Neh. 
11: 33 is supposed to be 11 ms. n. of Jerusalem. 

HE'BRON, 18 ms. s. of Jerusalem, now el Khalil, 
contains about 10,000 inhabitants, and is about 3000 ft. 
above the sea. Here is the cave of Machpelah, cover- 
ed by a large building and near it was the plain of 
Mamre. The city is built, chiefly, in a valley, and 
contains the pool where, as tradition says, the event 
stated in 2 Sam. 4: 12, took place. 

HEI/RON, a Syrian city, now Helbun, in a wild 
glen, high up in the Anti-Lebanon mountains, 124 ms. 
e. by. n. of Jerusalem, 11 ms. n. by w. from Damascus. 

HELKATH-HAZ'ZURIM, see Gibeon. 



47 

HENA? 2 Kings 18: 34, 19: 18, Is. 37: 13 are the 

only references for this place which is supposed to be 
located at a little place now Anah on the s. bank of the 
Euphrates river, 200 ms. n.w. from Babylon. 

HERES, sun, see Ir-shemesh. 

HERMON, MT, now Jebel es Sheikh, 117 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem, 9050 ft. high in its highest peak, but the 
range of Mt. Hermon runs nearly 30 ms. a little e. of 
n. from that peak. By the Sidonians it was called Si- 
rion, by the Amorites, Shenir and by the Hebrews 
Sion, see Deut. 3: 9, 4: 48. The Hermonites, Ps. 42: 6, 
were probably the five or six peaks of the Mt. Hermon 
range. 

HESH'BOIST, originally a city of the Moabites, 15 
ms. e. of the n. end of the Dead Sea. Xow only ruins 
on a hill with an enormous cistern, 37 ms. e. of Jerusa- 
lem and called Hesban. 

HID'DEKEL, now called The Tigris, a river of 
western Asia, running, part way, parallel with the Eu- 
phrates. Its sources are in Armenia, its whole course, 
until its union with the Euphrates, is 1146 ms., after 
that it unites with the Euphrates and this union con- 
tinues 100 ms. to the Persian Gulf. It is navigable 
600 ms. for small vessels drawing from three to four ft. 
of water. On its eastern bank is the city of Nineveh. 
Its name in the ancient Zend language was Teger, 
meaning "stream", whence it became Tigris. 

HIEEAP'OLIS, a city of Phrygia, stood on a high 
bluff, with a high mountain behind it. It is about 90 
ms. e. of Ephesus, having the Mediterranean equi- 
distant on the w. and on the s. and 560 ms. n.n.w. of 
Jerusalem. It has extensive ruins and many hot 
springs which deposit lime and give it a white appear- 



48 

ance and hence its name the Cotton Castle, or in the 
Turkish Pambouk Kalessi. Its name in Scripture is 
only in Colos. 4:13. 

, HIN'NOM, a valley on the s. and w. of Jerusalem. 
Josh. 15: 8. 

HOR, Mt., midway between the Dead Sea and the 
Red Sea, on the e. border of the long valley Arabah 
so called now, between the Dead Sea on the n. and 
Red Sea on the s. Mt. Hor has two peaks, the highest 
4800 ft. The eastern one has the traditional tomb of 
Aaron and is 4360 ft. above the Mediterranean Sea. 
The word Hor means "mountain". Another Hor r 
Numb. 34: 7, was either Lebanon, or a high peak of 
that range, but not known. 

HOREB, Mt.. perhaps the district of mountains of 
which Sinai was the particular mountain from which 
the Law was given. Jebel Musa. the supposed Mt. Si- 
nai is 7375 ft. above the Mediterranean. 

HUK'KOK, N., 3 ms. n.w. from the sea of Tiberias. 
Now Yakuk, 76 ms. n. of Jerusalem. It is also spelled 
Hukok, 1 Chron. 6: 75. In Josh. 21: 31, Helkath 
seems to be the same as Hukok of 1 Chron. 6: 75. 

ICO'NIUM, a city in Lycaonia, 300 ms. s.e. from 
Constantinople and about 120 ms. inland from the Med- 
iterranean, now Konieh, pop. about 40,000. There are 
ruins above the town, and the walls, which are two to 
three ms. in circumference, are built out of materials 
of ancient edifices. 

IDUME'A, a Greek name for Edom. 

I JON? N., now a ruin called -Dibbin, 109 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem. The only mentions are in 1 Kings 15: 20, 
2 Kings 15: 29, 2 Chron. 16: 4. 



49 

ILLYRICUM, was a Roman province on the e. coast 
of the Adriatic. Epirus was on the s., but B. C. 11 it 
had Dalmatia on the n. (now it has n.e. Italy). 

INDIA, mentioned only in Esther 1: 1, 8: 9, but 
this was not the India of the present day, but only the 
land around the Indus, perhaps that now called the 
Punjab with, perhaps, the Scinde on the s. around _the 
mouths of the Indus. See any school map of Hindos- 
tan, on the n.w. 

IRON? N., only in Josh. 19: 38, now Yarun, per- 
haps, 10 ms. w. of the waters of Merom, 90 ms. n of 
Jerusalem and 2490 ft. above the Mediterranean. 

IR-SHEMESH, same as Beth-shemesh. 

ISSACHAR, a tribe-district including all the rich 
plain of Ezdraelon n. and e. of Mt. Carmel. 

ITALY, the same now known by that name. Men- 
tioned only four times, Acts 18: 2, 27: 1, 6, Heb. 
13:24. 

ITITRE'A, now Jedur, see map No. .5 just under 
Damascus. A iarge part is a fine plain, well watered, 
100 ms. n.e. of Jerusalem. It derived its name from 
Jetur, son of Ishmael, Gen. 25: 15. 

IV AH, same as Avah. 2 Kings 18: 34. 

JAA'ZER, see Jazer. 

JABBOK, river, rises 25 ms. n.e. of the Dead Sea, 
flows easterly at first around in a great circle to the w. 
See Map No. 3. It is about 75 to 80 ms. long, now 
called .the Zerka, or blue, is perennial near the Jordan. 
Its mouth is 40 ms. n.e. from Jerusalem. 

JABESH-GILEAD: generally supposed to be at 



50 

a place now call ed Deir 45 ms, n.e. of the Dead Sea, on 
the s. side of Wady Yabes, 51 ms. n. n.e. from Jerusalem, 

JABNEH, or Jabneel, J., now a village Yebna, 18 
ms. due s. from Jaffa, 4 ms. from the Mediterranean, 
30 ms. w. by n. from Jerusalem. 

JACOB'S WELL, n.e. of Mt.Gerizim, near its base, 
27 ms. n. from Jerusalem, and 1J ms. e. of Shechem. 
It is about 80 ft. deep but seems to have been filled 
partly up with stones. 

JA'HAZ? also, in the English, Jahaza, Jahazahand 
Jahzah, but these variations* are to be found only in our 
English translation — Jahzah is correct. It was near 
the Arnon river 11 or 12 ms. e. of the Dead Sea, but 
the locality not certain. Kuins have been found on the 
southern heights of Arnon valley which may be the 
ancient site. 

J ANCKHAH ? now Yanun, about 8 ms. s.e. of Shec- 
hem, where there are buried ruins, 25 ms. n. from Je- 
rusalem. 

JAPHIA, Z., now Yafa, a small village, 1J ms. s.w. 
of Nazareth, 60 ms. from Jerusalem. 

JA'PHO, see JOPPA. 

JAK / MUTH, J., now Yarmuk, 15 ms. w. by s. from 
Jerusalem, only ruins on a hill-crest, 1463 ft. above the 
Mediterranean. 

JAT'TIR, now Attir ^ 13 ms# SiS<w f rom Hebron, 32 
ms. s.s.w. from Jerusalem. Ruins on a hill, 2040 ft. 
above the Mediterranean. 

JAVAN, a title for the Greek people and country. 
. JA'ZER? ruins near the river Jabbok, 40 ms. n.e. 
from Jerusalem, supposed to be at the ruins of Sir, 19 
ms. n. by w. from Heshbon. 



51 

JEARIM Mt., this is the mountain range upon the 
n. side of which Chesalon is built. Josh. 15 : 10. 

JEBUS, the ancient name of a town which occupied 
the site of Jerusalem before the latter was built. Judg. 
19: 10, 11. 

JE'GAR-SAHADU'THA, means "the heap," or pile 
of "testimony," see Gen. 31: 47. 

JEHCKSHAPHAT, valley of, supposed to be juste, 
of Jerusalem, but there is no authority for this. It is 
a misinterpretation of Joel 3 : 2 — 12. The Kidron was 
so called, wrongly, about the fourth century A. D. The 
word means Jehovah judgeth. 

JE / HUD, a village, now called Yehudiyeh, 8 ms. e. 
of Joppa, 27 ms. w. of Jerusalem, about 800 popula- 
tion. 

JERICHO, now er Riha. pop. about 200, 15 ms. e. of 
Jerusalem, 8 ms. n. of the Dead Sea. The ancient Jer- 
icho was farther w. nearer the fountain es Sultan — the 
N. T. Jericho was a mile or more, southward. 

JERUSALEM, now el Khuds "the Holy" Pop. about 
25,000 (1884). Circumference three miles; height 
above the Mediterranean about 2600 ft. in the highest 
part; walls entirely surround it with four gates perma- 
nently open. The modern city is built over ruins. 
Distance from the Mediterranean is 35 miles. Mt. 
Zion is on the southern part of city where also is Da- 
vid's tomb, so called, just out of the south gate called 
the gate of Mt. Zion. The valley of Kidron is on the 
e., the Pool of Siloam is on the s.e. Eor other places 
see the map No. 6, in which Mt. Zion is that hill be- 
tween Hinnom and the words "FIRST WALL." 

JESHI / MON was a term meaning "waste land" and 



52 

very probably had no reference to arrf special waste 
land, Numb. 21 : 20, 1 Sam. 23: 19, 24, etc. 

JEZREEL, now Zerin, 52 ms. n. of Jerusalem, a lit- 
tle village on a hill in the great plain of Esdraelon 
which is the Greek form for Jezreel, used only in the 
Apocrypha. The village is 402 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean and consists of about 15 to 20 houses with many 
ancient cisterns. The valley of Jezreel is that valley 
extending eastward from the village, down to Beth- 
shean, see map No. 3, and to the Jordan 14 ms. e. of 
Jezreel. The Jordan at this point is 700 ft. below the 
Mediterranean, 1102 ft. below the village. 

JIPH'TH AH-EL, a valley, but named after a town, 
now Jefat, but only ruins, 1363 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean, 14 ms. w. of the sea of Tiberias and 70 ms. n. 
of Jerusalem. Just s. is the valley plain of Buttauf, 9 
ms. e. and w. and 2 ms. wide. Josh. 19: 14, 27. 

JOK'NEAM, Z., now tell Kaimon a hill at the e. end 
of Mt. Carmel, 59 ms. n. of Jerusalem. In 1 Kings 4: 
12 Jokneam should read Jokmean as it is in the He- 
brew. 

JOPPA, D., on the Mediterranean sea-shore, but 116 
ft. above the water, 35 ms. w. by n. from Jerusalem. 
A very old city and in existence before the Exodus. 
Now called Yafa with a pop. of probably 18,000. Con- 
sul Wilson wrote the author that such was considered the 
pop. in 1884, an d Mr. Hall, long resident of the place, 
under date of Aug., 1886, says that for fear of Turkish 
conscription the number is "tremendously imderratedP 
but acknowledged to be at least 17,000 and rapidly increas- 
ing. The number in Schaffs Herzog, addenda, p. 2612 is 
at least 9,000 too small. 

JORDAN, river, rises in Lebanon, runs, if measured 
on a straight line, not more than 136 miles from its high- 



■■iljll,;:,! 



Q_ 

p 

13 
CD 



CD 

o 

CD 
Q_ 

co 

CD 
0) 




53 

est source w. of Mt. Hernion to the Bead Sea. Runs 
through two lakes, the waters of Merom and the sea of 
Tiberias, and descends 3000 ft. from its source to the 
Dead Sea; is from 45 to 180 ft. wide and has 27 impor- 
tant rapids between the sea of Tiberias and the Dead 
Sea and overflows its banks in the spring. Although it 
is not quite 65 ms. from the sea of Tiberias to the Dead 
Sea, its crooked course runs about 200 ms. in that dis- 
tance, in a direction almost due south. 

JUDAH, a tribe-district bounded, as on the Tribe 
map No. 3, and as described in Josh. 15. 

JITDE'A, a province in N. T. times. It seems to 
have been so named, first, after the return of the Jews 
from captivity. The word first occurs (in Hebrew) in 
Dan. 5: 13, and the "Province of Judea" occurs in 
Ezra 5: 8. According to Joseph us, Judea comprised 
the tribe districts of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and 
part of Dan from Jordan to the Mediterranean. THE 
HILL COUNTRY of Judea was that high range of 
mountains running n. and s. on which Jerusalem stood. 
THE WILDEKNESS OF JUDEA was that barren 
country e. and s.e. of Jerusalem to the Dead Sea, 

JUT'TAH, J., now Juitah, an inhabited village. 3747 
ft. above the Mediterranean, 5J ms. s. of Hebron and 
24 ms. s. of Jerusalem. 

KA'DESH, also called Kadesh-barnea, identified 
with Am Gadis about 40 ms. s. of Beer'sheba, discov- 
ered by Kylands, 1842, visited by Dr. Trumbull and 
fully described by him in his work "Kadesh-barnea," 
as an extensive hill-encircled region, large enough for 
the camping ground of a host, it has many springs. 

KANAH, reeds, A., now Kana, 7 ms. s.e. of Tyre^ 



54 

on a ridge 1050 ft, above the Mediterranean 98 ms. n. 
of Jerusalem. 

K AN AH, river, now toady Kanah 50 ms. n. of Jeru- 
salem, forming the boundary between M. and E. 

KE'DESH, N., now a small village, Kades, with 
many ruins, on a ridge 1587 ft. above the Mediterran- 
ean and 1580 ft. above the waters of Merom, from 
which it is distant 4 ms. n.w. 

KEILAH, at the ruins called Kiia, 8 ms. n.w. of 
Hebron and 17 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem ; just 3 ms. s. of 
the Cave of Adullam. and 1520 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean. 

KE'N ATH, afterward called Nobah by whom it was 
conquered, Numb. 32: 42. now Kunawat 98 ms. n.n.e. 
from Jerusalem, 60 ms.-e. of the middle of the sea of 
Galilee and 55 ms. s. by e. from Damascus. 

KE'RIOTH ? J., 12 ms. due s. from Hebron, 30 ms. 
from Jerusalem, now Kureitein, 14 ms. w. of Dead Sea. 
Another Keriothl was in Moab, very probably near 
Mt. Attarus, on the n.e. part of the Dead Sea, altho" 
some suppose it to be 50 ms. e. by s. of the sea of Tibe- 
rias, 6 ms. e. of the supposed Bozrah and now Kureiyeh, 
but this region was never called Moab. 

KIB'BROTH-HATTA'AVAH? Palmer seems to 
have found ancient remains at a place called Erweis 
el Ebeirig, n.e. of Mt. Sinai, where there seems to have 
been an immense encampment and burial places. 
Here is the supposed site. 

KIDKON, see Cedron. 

KIR OF MOAB, also called Kir-har'eset^Kir-ha'- 



res!}, and Rir-heres, now Kerak, near the s.e. part of 
the Dead Sea, a place once of great strength near the 
head of a rocky valley. 

KIRIATHA'IM, R., or Kirjatha'im, meaning the 
double city 8 ins. off the n.e. coast of the Dead Sea, 32 
ms. e. hy s, from Jerusalem and about 12 ms. s. from 
the n. end of the sea. 

KIRJATH-ARBA, same as Hebron. 

KIR'JATH-JE'ARIM, now a small village called 
Kuriet el Enab, 1\ ms. w. from Jerusalem. Called also 
Baal ah or Baale or Kirjath-baal. Josh. 15: 9, 2 Sam. 
6: 2. 

KFSHON, a river, at the n. base of Mt. Carmel. 
The part near the Mediterranean is perennial, fed by 
springs on Mt. Carmel. Now Nahr el Mukutta\ its 
mouth is 71 ms. from Jerusalem, It drains the valley, 
of Esdraelon, see Jezreel. 



LA / CHISH, now ruins of UmLakis,%4: ms. s.w. from 
Jerusalem, 10J ms. e. of the Mediterranean on the w. 
slope of a hill and 360 ft. above the Mediterranean. 
But there are reasons to believe that the original city 
was at Tell el Hesy just 3 ms. dues. e. where many ruins 
exist. 

LA'ISH, or Leshem, same as Dan, Judg. 18: 7. The 
Laish of Isaiah 10: 30, is not the same, and is un- 
known. 

LAODICE'A, now JEski-hissar, " old castle," a little 
village surrounded by the ancient ruins — situated in 
Asia Minor, in Phrygia, 86 ms. e. of Ephesus, 46 s.e. of 
Philadelphia, 554 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem. 



56 

LASEA, a town on the s. coast of Crete, equi-distant 
from e. to w., and nearly on the most southern point ; 
2 ms. e. of Fair Havens ; 40 ms. almost due e. from 
Claudus. Act. 27 : 8. 

LA'SHA ? Callirrhoe was its Greek name, meaning 
" warm springs," 12 ms. s.e. of the mouth of the Jordan, 
4 ms. e. of the Dead Sea, in the valley of the river 
Zerka ?na'in, 28 ms. e.s.e. from Jerusalem. 

LASHARON of Josh. 12,: 18, supposed to be at 
Sarona, 5 ms. n.e. by e. from Mt. Tabor, 

LEBANON, Mt., this is a double range beginning 
at about Mt. Hermon on the s., 117 ms.n. from Jerusa- 
] em, the west range running 200 ms. north by east, and 
the eastern about 80 ms. to the n.n.e. The highest ele- 
vation is 6 ms. n. of the Cedars, at Jebel Timarun, 10,- 
539 ft. above the Mediterranean. The eastern range 
was called "Lebanon toward the sun rising," Josh. 13: • 
5, now Anti-Lebanon, the s. end of which is Mt. Her- 
mon, see map Nos. 3, 5. 

LEBO'N AH, now el Lubban, 19 J ms. due n. of Jeru- 
salem, on the e. side of a hill, 1850 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean. 

LESBOS, see Mitylene. 

LE'SHEM, the most ancient name of Dan, same as 
Laish, see Josh. 19; 47 and Judg. 18: 29. 

LOWER BETH-HORON, see Beth-horon. 

LIB'YA was the name of that part of n. Africa, next 
to Egypt on the w., see map No. 7, the name occurs 
only in Ezek. 30: 5, 38: 5, Acts 2: 10. . 

LYCAO / NIA, a province of Asia Minor, bounded n. 
by Galatia, e. by Cappadocia, s. by Cilicia, and w. by 
Pisidia and Phrygia. Chief towns, Iconium, Derbe, 
Lystra. Map No. 7. 



57 

LY / CIA, a district in Asia Minor, next w. of Pam- 
phylia and on the Mediterranean. Map No. 7. 

LYDDA, now Ludd, 22 ms. n.w. from Jerusalem, 10J 
ms. s.e. from Joppa, 165 ft. above the Mediterranean 
and upon the plain. 

LYSTRA? supposed to have been at Bin-bir-Kilissi, 
"the thousand and one churches" on the eastern de- 
clivity of a lofty mountain, 420 ms. n.n.w. from Jeru- 
salem, and 100 ms. n. of the Mediterranean in the 
province of Lycaonia. 

MACEDONIA, a kingdom lying n. of Greece, 
bounded, in the time of the N. T., n. by the Hse'mus 
Mts. or the modern Balkan, on the e. by Thrace and 
^Egean Sea, s. by Achaia (Greece), w. by Epirus and 
Illyricum, and including part of those districts now 
called Albania and Roumelia. 

MACHPE'LAH, cave of, see Hebron. 

MA'DIAN in Acts 7 : 29, is for Midian. 

MAG'DALA, now el Mejdel on the w. shore of the 
sea of Tiberias, now a little village. Matt. 15: 39. 

MAHANA'JM? probably at Mahneh, 21 ms. e. of 
Jordan, and 24 s.e. of the sea of Tiberias, 66 ms. n.e. of 
Jerusalem. 

MANAS'SEH, two tribe-districts, one w. and the 
other e. of Jordan, see map No. 3. 

M AON, J., now only ruins at Main on a conical hill, 
8 ms. s.s.e. of Hebrojn, 25 ms. a little w. of s. from Jeru- 
salem, 2887 ft. above Mediterranean. The hill is about 
100 feet above the immediately surrounding land. 

MAKE'SHAH, J., now a ruin called el Mer'ash, 23 
ms. s.w. from Jerusalem. 



68 

MAES' HILL, or Areopagus, a rocky height in 
Athens. The most ancient court of the Athenians was 
held here. See Areopagus. 

MED'EBA, 13J his. e. of the n. end of the Dead Sea 
now only ruins, with an immense ancient cistern for 
water. 

MEDIA, was bounded on the n.e. by the Caspian 
Sea; n. by the Araxes river; e. b} T Parthia and Hyr- 
cania; on the s. by Persia and Susiana; on the w. by 
Assyria and Armenia. Its greatest length was 550 ms. 
n. and s. and width about 250 ms. e. and w. It is now 
included in Persia. It was exceedingly mountainous 
and wooded and was 700 ms. e.n.e. from Jerusalem. 

MEGID / DO? most probably at the ruin el Lejjun, 
near the n.e. base of Mt. Carmel on the s.w. edge of 
the great plain of Ezdraelon 558 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean and 56 ms. a little w. of n. of Jerusalem. 

MEL'ITA, now Malta, an island in the Mediterra- 
nean, 60 ms. s. of Sicily, 155 ms. from the nearest point 
of Italy and 185 from nearest point in Africa. Greatest 
Width 12 and length 20 ms.; circumference 60 ms.; it is 
farther distant from the main land than is any other 
island in the Mediterranean. On the s. coast it is 
almost impossible to land because of the steep rocks. 
The bay called St. Paul's bay is on the n. coast of the 
island. 

MEMPHIS, in Hebrew, Noph ; about 10 ms. s. of 
Cairo, 10 ms. s.e. from the great pyramids — a little vil- 
lage Mit flahineli occupies a small part of the ancient 
site which is 1 j m. w. of the Nile. 

ME'KOM, waters of, now lake Huleh, 10 ms. n. of the 
sea of Tiberias and 90 ms. n. of Jerusalem ; 3 J ms. long 



59 

and 3 wide, 7 ft. above the Mediterranean and 10 to 11 
ft. deep. 

MESOPOTAMIA, a district called also Asshur and 
in great degree bounded by the two great rivers, the 
Euphrates and the Tigris. See Map No. 1. First 
mention Gen. 24: 10. This name was given by the 
Greeks, but the more ancient name was Aram-naha- 
ra'im meaning "Syria of the two rivers," Gen. 24: 10. 
Pliny bounded it n.by the Taurus mts., making length 
800 ms. and breadth, irregularly, 360 ms. 

MICHMASH, now Mukmas, 1990 ft. above the Med- 
iterranean, 7 ms. n. of Jerusalem, now a village with 
ruins, on n. bank of a deep torrent bed and not far off 
are the rocky cliffs of Bozez and Seneh, though not cer- 
tainly located. 1 Sam. 14: 4. 

MIG'DAL-EL, supposed to be at Mejdel, 3 ms. n* 
from Tiberias city. 

MIG'DAL-GAD, J., now Mejdel, a village of 1500 
pop. with ancient ruins, 100 ft. above the Mediterranean 
from Avhich it is 2 ms. distant and about the same dis- 
tance from Ascalon. Josh. 15: 37. 

MIG'DOL, associated with the Exodus, is not known 
as to its site. The word means " Tower.'' 

MILETUS, a city of Asia Minor, in Caria, and 30 
ms. s.s.w. from Ephesus, on the sea-shore, about 600 
ms. n.w. from Jerusalem, some ruins of an enormous 
theater and of a church, remain. In 2 Tim. 4: 20 it is 
written Miletum. 

MITYLE'NE, was the chief town of the island of an- 
cient Lesbos and on its e. coast. Pop. now, 6,000, with 
ruins, its present name is Castro, 55 ms. n.w. of Smyrna, 

MIZPAH?or Mizpeh, means watch tower. There 



60 

are 6 of this name, only one probably known, now Neby 
Samwill, 3J ms. n. of Jerusalem. The land of Mizpeh 
was probably at the w. base of Mt. Hermon. See Map 
No. 3. Ramath-mizpeh and Kamoth-gilead were the 
same; and were probably s. of Mt. Gilead. See Map 
No. 3. First mention in Gen. 31 : 49, of Gilead. Josh. 
18 : 26 was Neby Samwill, mentioned 34 times. Josh. 
11 : 3, 8 was at base of Hermon. 

MOAB, a district on the s. of the Arnon and e. of the 
Dead Sea, but in a wider sense it was between the Jab- 
bok and the Arnon. It was a great high land from 
2000 to 3000 ft. above the Mediterranean ; a fine pas- 
ture land sloping gradually into a plain on the n. and 
into the desert of Syria on the east. See Numb. 21 : 12 
— 28 for its limits. 

MOI/ADAH? J., now tell el MiVh, 1210 ft. above 
the Mediterranean only ruins of a fortified town, 2 
wells, one with water at the depth of 40 ft.; 13 ms. e. of 
Beer-sheba,40 ms. s.s.w. from Jerusalem. 

MO'REH, a hill, now Jebel ed Duhy, also called 
"Little Hermon," but never in Scripture. It is an ir- 
regular ridge, 12 ms. long, its highest point is 1690 ft. 
above the Mediterranean, and there is at this point a 
tomb from which the hill takes its modern name. On 
the s. was Gilboa and on the n., Mt. Tabor. It is 57 
ms. n. from Jerusalem and runs from n.w. to s.e. the 
n. w. end being the highest. 

MORI'AH, MT. the part of Jerusalem upon which 
Solomon built the temple. See map. 

MY / RA, an ancient port of Lycia, on s.w. coast of 
Asia Minor, about 2J ms. from the mouth of the river 
Andriacus, with magnificent ruins bn a hill called at 
present Mee-ra. 




Hill of Samaria, drawn from nature, by the author. 



61 

MYSIA, [pron. mhh'ya in three syllables), a district 
on the n. w. part of Asia Minor, bordering on the Eux- 
ine, or Black sea, on the north, the Hellespont and the 
sea of Marmora on the n. and w., Lydia on the s. and 
Bithynia on the east. 



NICOPOLIS? most probably it was in Epirus and 
now called old Prevesa (pron. pray'vesa), 4J ms. n. of 
Prevesa. The latter is a fortified town of 7000 pop. on 
the n. side of the entrance to the gulf of Arta. The 
gulf is upon the w. coast of Greece. It is about 180 ms. 
n.w. by w. from Athens. 

NIMRIM? see Beth-nimrah. Some have supposed 
that it was near the s. end of the Dead Sea, now Nemei- 
rah, 49 ms. from Jerusalem, but it seems improbable. 
The other locality is to be preferred since the latter 
name means "leopard" and the former refers to waters 
for which see Is. 15: 6. 

NINEVEH, the capital and greatest city of Assyria, 
founded by Asshur, Gen. 10 ; 10, on the e. bank of the 
river Tigris, 280 ms. a little w. of n. from Babylon 
nearly 550 ms. n.w. from the Persian Gulf, 560 ms. n.e. 
from Jerusalem, 400 ms. e. of the n. end of the Medi- 
terranean. The modern city of Mosul is on the oppo- 
site bank. 

NO-A'MON, City of Arnon, a city called Thebes, in 
upper Egypt, on both sides of the Nile. It covered 
about 5 ms. by 3 ms. according to ancient historians, 
and at present contains the most magnificent ruins in 
the world. See Osboim's Egypt, pp. 189-154. 

NOB ? B., perhaps at el Isawiyeh 1 J m. n.e. of Jerus- 
alem. Referred to in 1 Sam. 22: 19 and five other 
places. 



62 



NCKBAH, see Kenath. 

NOPH, another name for Memphis, Is. 19 r 13. 



OLIVES, Mt. of, and Olivet, e. of Jerusalem 1 m., 
now Jebel et- Tar, Mt. of the Summit." It is more defi- 
nitely a ridge of several summits certainly four, hut as 
you look at the three directly opposite Jerusalem, the 
middle hill has the village of Tur upon it and it is the 
highest, being 2665 above the Mediterranean, while the 
base of the Mosque, in the temple area, is 2440. Hence 
the latter Can be overlooked from the former. The n. 
end of the Dead Sea can also be seen from this part of 
Olivet. 

ON, a city of lower Egypt, called also Beth-shemesh, 
or house of the sun, and hence, by the Greeks, Heliopo- 
lis. It was the seat of worship of the Egyptian god Ra ? 
or the Sun, and was once full of obelisks which were 
symbols of the rays of the sun; now only one remains 
which, save one other, is the oldest in Egypt, having 
stood 4000 years. The ruins are about 6 ms. n. of 
Cairo. See Aven. Ezek. 30: 7. 

O'NO, B., built by the sons of Benjamin but came 
into the district of D. afterward. Now 'Ana, 5 ms. a 
little w. of n. from Lydda, 27 ms. n. w. from Jerusalem ; 
1 Chron. 8: 12 and three other places. 

OPHIR? perhaps on the Arabian coast, but also sup- 
posed to refer to India Gold abounds on the Malabar 
coast and in northern India, But the word Ophir is 
the name of a son of Joktan, Gen. 10: 29, whose de- 
scendants have certainly been traced to s. e. and s. 
Arabia. 

OPH'RAH, B., now et Taiyibeh, 4 ms.n.e. of Bethel; 
perhaps the same as Ephraim of John 11: 54. 



68 

PADAN-ARAM, very probably this isonly the He- 
brew name for the Greek Mesopotamia. 

PALESTINE, at first this word was applied only 
to the country of the Philistines, but in the time ot 
Josephus and by some Greek and Roman writers it be- 
came to be applied to all the land of the Jews. The 
utmost extent, in area, of Palestine, as actually occupied 
by ancient Israelites, did not exceed 8400 square miles. 
From Dan to Beer-sheba was not only the usual ex- 
pression for the extent of country, but it was the actual 
habitable area and, w. oi Jordan, it was 140 ms. n. and 
s. with an average of 40 ms. e. and w., equal to 5600 
square ms. Adding an easterly extent of 20 ms. with 
the same n. and s. distance, on the e. of the Jordan, the 
area would be increased by 2800, total 8400, and this 
is the utmost. The 12 to 13,000 sq. ms. given to Pales- 
tine by various authors are not sustained by either the 
English exploration survey, or by Biblical history. 
While the power of Solomon was extended at one time 
probably to the Euphrates, the desert was not inhab- 
ited. The name Palestina occurs but three times, Exod. 
15: 4, Is. 14: 29, 31, but in Joel 3: 4 it is Palestine— in 
all cases alluding to the region of the Philistines only— 
1 Sam. 13: 19 gives the name used by the Israelites for 
the country, namely, Land or Israel. In the middle 
ages it became known as " The Holy Land." For the 
name Canaan, see Canaan. In Zech. 2: 12, it is called 
" the holy land." 

PAMPHYL / IA, a Roman province in Asia Minor, 
bounded e. by Cilicia, n. by Pisidia, w. by Lycia, and 
s. by the Mediterranean. Perga appears to have been 
the capital and Attalia its chief sea-port. 

PATHOS, a town in the w. port of Cyprus. There 
were two towns bearing this name; old Paphos situated 



/ 

64 

on a height f m. from the sea : and new Paphos on the 
sea-shore, 10 ms. n.w. of the old town. The apostle vis- 
ited the new town, pop. at present 1000. 

PA'RAH, B., 5 J n.e. from Jerusalem and about 1 J m. 
farther up than the junction of the Wadies Farah and 
Suweinit, but on ivady Farah at a ruin called Farah. 

PA'RAN, desert of, now called Badiet et Tih, 
^desert of the wandering" a great table-land lying be- 
tween Egypt and the gulf of Arabah. It is n. of the 
region of Horeb and Mt. Sinai, bounded n. by Pales- 
tine, w. by the isthmus of Suez and part of the gulf of 
Suez, s. by a great sand belt separating it from the 
mountainous region of the Sinaitic peninsula and e. by 
the long valley w. of Edom, called The Arabah. See 
Map No. 4. This Arabah valley is supposed to be the 
Wilderness of Zin, w. of which, some 40 to 50 ms., was 
Kadesh now called Kudes, or Gadis, by some, see Ka- 
desh-barnea. 

PARTHIANS, occurs in Acts 2: 9. Parthia was 
originally a province of Media on \U e. side. It became 
united to the Persian empire under Cyrus, B. C. 550, 
but became independent B. C. 256. The Parthians 
spoke the Persian language hence Persia is frequently 
used for Parthia in Scripture, They were the finest 
bowmen in the world and conquered the Romans at 
Carrha3, the ancient Haran. They were conquered by 
Artaxerxes A. D. 226 and united to Persia. 

PAS-DAM'MIM? also Ephes-dammim, it was in 
the valley of Elah, now Damum, 13J ms. w.s.w. from 
Jerusalem. Conder has omitted this place on his Atlas 
maps entirely. It is on Smith & Grove's Atlas as above 
and Van de Velde thought he identified it, but it is 
doubtful. 



65 

PAT'ARA, a sea-port town on the s.w, shore of 
Lycia, opposite Ehodes. Now in ruins but retains its 
ancient name. Patarus was the son of Apollo, hence 
the name Patara where this god was worshiped. 

PATMOS, a bare rocky island in the iEgean Sea, 32 
ms. w. of Asia Minor; now Patino (pron. Pa-tee'no). 
It is about 4 ms. across e. and w., 7 ms. n. and s., of 
somewhat semicircular form, the concave side being on 
the east. 

PEN PEL, or Penu'el, face of God. Dr. Merrill 
thinks that he has identified this place with a double 
hill, upon the Jabbok river, called Tulul edh Dhahab, 
"hill of gold" some 3 or 4 ms. e. of the Jordan. Suc- 
coth he places 2 or 3 ms. n.w., at a hill called Tell Deir 
Alia. There are good reasons for these locations. 

PE'OR? supposed to be upon Pisgah; the name is 
found only in Numb. 23 : 28. 

PER'GA, capitol of Pamphylia, on the river Oestrus, 
about 7 \ ms. from the Mediterranean, now called Eski 
Kalessi, u old castle" 225 ms. e.s.e. of Smyrna, and 10 
ms. from the sea, 85 ms. s. from Antioch of Phrygia. 
Its sea-port was Attalia, about 16 ms. s. w. 

PER'GAMOS, a city of Mysia, 20 ms. from the Med- 
iterranean, now Bergama, pop. about 25,000. It was 
celebrated for its library of 25,000 rolls. It is 50 ms, 
n. from Smyrna and contains many interesting ruins. 

PERSIA, its boundaries sometimes, varied, but in 
Scripture it was that country bounded n. by Media, w. 
by Susiana, s. by the Persian Gulf and e. by Carmania. 
Now it is much enlarged and contains 470,000 sq. ms. 
and a pop. of 11,000,000. 

PETHOR? this is the city of Balaam the prophet. 
Its name has been found associated, upon an Assyrian 
tablet, with that of Carchemish. It was a Hittite city, 



66 

perhaps 60 ms. s. of Carchemish at Balis where there 
was "the tower of Balaam" in A. D. 1160. The only 
references are in Numb. 22: 5 and Deut. 23: 4. 

PHAK'PAK, a river, now the Awaj, 7 to 8 ms. s.e. 
of Damascus. It rises high up in Mt. Hermon and 
flows easterly, is 30 to 40 ms. in length and much 
smaller in volume of water than is the Abana, on the 
north. 

PHENFCE, another name for Phenicia, Acts 11: 
19, 15 : 3. Also a town and harbor on the s.w. shore of 
Crete, now called Phinneka near point Lutro, 42 ms. 
w.n.w. from cape Matala, about 32 ms. from the w. end 
of the island. 

PHENICIA, pron. fe-nish'ya, it was a narrow sea- 
coast strip of country on the n.w. of Palestine, on the 
Mediterranean sea-shore and had Tyre, Sidon and Ac- 
cho as its chief towns. Its length was from Arvad to 
Mt. Carmel, 150 ms., and inland it extended about 10 
ms. It, at one time, included Dor on the s. of Mt. 
Carmel. It was included in the tribe-district of A. 
but never conquered by that tribe. 

PHILADELPHIA, a city of Asia Minor, on the 
borders of Lydia and Phrygia, now called Alla-Shehr, 
or high city, with 3000 houses, about 15,000 pop., with 
few ancient ruins. It is nearly 70 ms. e. of Smyrna 
and about the same distance n.e. of Ephesus. It is ele- 
vated above the valley, on the n.e. slope of Mt. 
Tmolus. 

PHILIPPI, a chief city of the eastern part of Mace- 
donia, 8 ms. n.n.w. from Neapolis, its sea-port. About 
1J ms. w. of the city is a small river where the Jews, 
probably, had their place of prayer, Acts 16: 13. 

PHILISTIA, the land of the Philistines s.w. of 
Palestine, see map No. 3. 



67 

PHRYGIA, a central district of Asia Minor, in the 
N. T. times, but very irregularly bounded, see map 
No. 7. It was on high table-land and at one time sur- 
rounded and touched by all the other provinces, with 
exception of Pontus. 

PI-BE'SETH, or PiVeseth, a city of lower Egypt, 
now called tell Basta, 38 ms. n.n.e. of Cairo, near the 
Tanitic branch of the Nile. It is entirely in ruins but 
fragments of red granite, attest the existence of the 
beautiful temple erected to the goddess Basht who was 
worshiped at this place. 

PISGAH ? an elevation, probably just w. of Nebo, 
commanding an extensive view, with springs, at the 
n.w. base, which are supposed to be Ashdoth-pisgah, 
which see. 

PISID'IA, a district of Asia Minor, n. of Pamphy- 
lia and s. of Phrygia, see map No. 7. 

PITHOM, this was discovered in 1883, by Naville, 
on the line of the ancient canal, a few ms. w. of Ismai- 
lia. It w T as a temple city dedicated to the god Turn, 
the syllable Pi means "city" or "place", and it was in 
the district of Succoth, hence called Pithom in Succoth, 
48 ms. n.w. from the Red Sea, at Suez. 

PONTUS, a n.e. province of Asia Minor, upon the 
Black Sea, see map No. 7. 

PTOLEMA'IS, same as Accho. 

PUTE / OLI, now a sea-port of Campania, situated 
in a small bay, 7 ms. s.w. from Naples, now Pozzuoli 
bay (pron. pot-soo-o'-lee), 114 ms. s.e. of Rome. 

RAAM'SES or Rameses (pron. ray-am'-seez, or ra- 
mee'-seez), the site is not certainly known, but it was 
probably both a city and a district, Gen. 47: 11, Exod. 



68 

1:11. Some think that San, or Tanis, was the site, as 
on map No. 4. 

RABBATH-AMMON, see Kabbah. 

KABBATH-MOAB, see Ar. 

KABBAH, the chief city of the Ammonites, now 
Amman, 22 ms. e. of Jordan, 19 ms. s e. of Kamoth-s>il- 
ead, 28 ms n.e. of the Dead Sea and 2755 ft. above the 
Mediterranean. The ruins are very fine and although 
not inhabited, the Arabs bring their flocks in great 
numbers, to enjov the shade and water, and the proph- 
ecy of Ezek. 25: 4, 5, is literally fulfilled. 

KACHEL'S TOMB, about 4 ms. s. of Jerusalem. 

KAMAH, heights now er Ram, 5 ms. n. of Jerusa- 
lem ; a little village with few ruins. Josh. 18: 25, 
Judg. 4 : 5, etc. 

KAMATHAIM-ZOPHIM? supposed to be at Sob 
or Soba, 6 ms. w. of Jerusalem and called so only in 
1 Sam. 1 : 1. The meaning is "the double heights of the 
watchmen." 

KAMATH-MIZPEH? 37 ms. e.n.e. of Jerusalem, 
Map No. 3. But while it certainly was in this region, 
the precise situation is not known. See Mizpah. 

KAMOTH-GILEAD? a Levitical city of G. 25 ms. 
e. of Jordan, that is, if it is supposed to be at es Salt, 13 
ms. s. of the Jabbok. It is 2740 ft. above the Mediter- 
ranean. Its site is not certainly known. 

KED SEA, both of the northern gulfs of the Ked 
Sea, the gulf of Suez and the gulf of Akabah, were 
called the Ked Sea, in the time of Moses. See map 
No. 4. The e. gulf is correctly written Akabah although 
it apears so?neti?nes as "Ahaba". 

KEHOB? D., Dr. Kobinson thought that it was at 
the old castle Hunin, 7 ms. w.s.w. of Tell el Kady, 9| 



m 

SB 

13 



O 

CD 

N* 
3 



CO 

CD 

o 

it- 
CD 

3 




69 

ms. n. of the waters of Merom. This castle is not laid 
down on the Palestine Explor. Fund map, either the 
large or small. It is on a height just n. of the village 
Hunin, hut it was the Castellum Novum of the Cru- 
saders. 

EEHOBOTH, a well, 17 ms. s.w. from Beer-sheba. 
There are ruins there and an ancient well, at the head 
of a large valley. Gen. 26: 22. 

BEMMON-metlM/ar, Josh. 19: 13, the word meth- 
oar is not part of the name, hut means "has its going 
out" (at Neah). Same as Rimmon No. 2, see Rimmon. 

REPHAIM, valley of, perhaps is the little valley 
el Werd about 4 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. 

REUBEN, a tribe-district e. of the Jordan, by the 
Dead Sea. It was, and is now, an excellent grazing 
grouud for cattle. See map No. 3. 

RE'ZEPH? this city of 2 Kings 19: 12 was, very 
probably, at Rasapha, 20 ms. s. of the Euphrates, about 
80 ms. n.n.e. from Tadmor, or Palmyra, but little is 
known of it. It is on the n. border of the desert. See 
map No. 2. 

RHEGTUM, a city on the s.w. coast of Italy, oppo- 
site Sicily, now a prosperous town called Rheggio 
with 10 000 inhabitants. 

RHODES, an island in the Mediterranean. 13 ms. 
off the s.w. coast of Asia Minor, pop. 35,000. It is 46 
ms. long, 18 ms. wide. The city of the same name is 
on the n.e. extremity. 

RIBLAH of Numb. 34: 11, may well be located at 
Ribleh on the river Orontes, 11 ms. n.e. of the great 
fountain Ain el Asi. It is here that the events of 2 
Kings 23: 33 and 25: 6, took place, see also Jer. 
39: 5. 



70 

RIMMON? (1.) of Josh. 15: 21, 19: 7, 1 Chron. 4: 
32, is at Umm er Rumamin, 35 ras. s.s.w. of Jerusalem, 
on a conical hill, 1580 ft. above the Mediterranean. 
(2.) Another of the same name 1 Chron. 6: 77, was a 
Levitical city of Z. now, probably, called Rum ma-?ieh, 
6 ms. due n. of Nazareth. (3.) Another of Judg. 20: 
45, 21: 13, was 10 ms. n.n.e. of Jerusalem, now a vil- 
lage called Rummon. Rimmon means "pomegranate/ 7 

RIVER OF EGYPT, although this name is, in our 
English translation, used for two Hebrew terms, one 
refers to a mere river bed, or valley, which is called a 
wady by the Arabs, the other to a perennial stream. 
The former is supposed to be the wady el Arish about 
40 ms. s.w. of Gaza, the latter, the Nile, the great river 
of Egypt. But it is probable that both terms refer to 
the Nile, or its extreme eastern Delta stream, or 
branch. 

ROME, the capital city of Italy, situated upon the 
Tiber, 17 ms. n.e. from its mouth. In the age of Au- 
gustus, who died A. D. 14, the population was supposed 
by Gibbon, to be 1,200,000, present population 230,000. 
See map No. 7. 

SAI/AMIS is on the e. coast of the island of Cyprus, 
its ruins are now called Famugusta. Map No. 7. 

SALCAH and Salchah, on the e. of Bashan, now 
Sulkhad, 56 ms. e. of Jordan, on the s. part of Jebel 
Hauran. 

SALIM, was near ENON which see. 

SALMO / NE, a promontory on the eastern extremity 
of Crete, now Cape Sidero. See Map No. 7. 

SALT SEA, the modern name is the Dead Sea, and 
with the Arabs, Bahr Lid, or Lot's Sea. It is about 17 
ms. e. of Jerusalem; 40 ms. long n. and s. and about 9 



71 

ms. wide. Its surface is 1292 feet below that of the 
Mediterranean and its greatest depth is 1310 ft. It is 
extremely salt and bitter and no fish have as yet been 
found in it. 

SAMARIA, is the name of both a district and a city 
in that district. The kingdom of Samaria included all 
the territory of all the tribes n. of B. and J., but in our 
Savior's time, it included only that part s. of Galilee. 
See Map No. 5. The exact boundaries of Samaria are 
not known, but it seems that Samaria was cut off, at 
one time, from the Mediterranean shore, Judea claim- 
ing that part. The n. boundary included En-gannim, 
now Je?ii?i, and ran along the Mt. Carmel range, to- 
ward the north-west. The s. boundary, probably, ran 
along the valley of Deir Ballut n. of Lebonah, eastward 
and just n. of A krabeh which was probably the Akra- 
batta of Josephus (B. J., Bk. 111. 5.) at whose toparchy 
Samaria ended. The city was on a hill 34 ms. n. of 
Jerusalem, 1454 ft. above the Mediterranean, 5 ms. n. 
w. of Shechem, and now a little village. 

SAMOS, an island in the ^Egean Sea, 27 ms. long, 
10 ms. wide, about 1J ms. from the coast of Lydia. 
The ancient capital, Samos, was on the s. coast of the 
island. The pop. is 36,000 (1880). It is 3 ms. from 
the coast. 

SAMOTHRACIA, an island on the n.e. coast of the 
JEgean Sea, 23 ms. from the main land, 14 ms. long, 
7J ms. wide, its central mountain peak is 5245 ft. above 
the sea. Now called Samothrahi, area 30 sq. ms. pop. 
1500. 

SAPH'IR? probably now es Sawafir, 7 ms. from the 
Mediterranean coast, in Palestine, 31 ms., a little s. of 
w., from Jerusalem, 9J ms. n.e. from Ascalon. Mich. 
1 : 11 is the onlv reference. 



72 

SAR'DIS, the capital of Lydia in Asia Minor, on a 
site of great beauty, 48 ms. due e. from ancient Smyr- 
na. Now called Sart, with extensive ruins. Its site 
is now unhealthy and few inhabit it. 

SAREP'TA, this is the N. T. name for the O. T, 
name Zarephath which see. 

SEIR, LAND OF, and Mt. Seir. There were, very 
probably, 3. distinct places called Seir. 1. Land of, and 
Mt. Seir. Gen. 14: 6. This was an elevated land ex- 
tending from the Dead Sea to the Bed Sea and on the 
e. of that long valley between these two seas, called 
now The Arabah. Its chief mountain is Mt. Hor, 4800 
ft. high (see Mt. Hor). 2. Josh. 11 : 17, is the first pas- 
sage which seems to refer to a Seir at the s. of Pales- 
tine. 3. Josh. 15: 10, refers to a Mt. Seir between Ches- 
alon and Jerusalem, which is not known. 

SELAH, or Sela, called now Petra, both names 
mean "rock"-, mentioned twice, 2 Kings 14: 7 (Selah), 
Is. 16: 1 (Sela). It is a city in Edom, excavated in 
the rocks, with palaces, dwellings, tombs and amphi- 
theater and to be approached only from thee,, through 
a rocky defile 1J ms. in length, called the Sik, i. e. the 
Cleft, its sides being from 100 to 300 ft. in height. Boz- 
rah of Edom, was 32 ms. n., Gen. 36: 33. 

SELEUCIA, the sea-port of Antioch in Syria, from 
which it is 16 ms. distant. It is now a small village 
with ruins and has a large inner harbor with a narrow 
entrance from the Mediterranean. See Map No. 7. 

SENEH? a rock so called in 1 Sam. 14: 4. It was 
one of two rocks supposed to be in wady Suweinit, 6 J 
ms. n. of Jerusalem, and which Jonathan climbed as 
recorded in the Scripture above referred to. 

SEPHARVA'IM, this town of 2 Kings 17: 24 and 
5 other places, was discovered in 1881 by Rassam, 6 



ras. e. of the Euphrates on the ancient royal canal 
connecting the Tigris and the Euphrates at some large 
ruins called Abu Hubba, the site of the original AC- 
CAD afterward called Sippara and, in the Hebrew 
dual form, Sepharvaim, as there was a double town. 
Large number of tablets have been found there, and 
cylinders of all shapes and sizes. 

SHAALAB'BIN, D., also ShaaFbim, now Selbit, 
7 J ms. s. e. of Lydda and 15 ms. w.n.w. from Jerusa- 
lem, now only ruins, 797 ft. above the Mediterranean. 

SHARON, also Saron, plain of, lies along the Med- 
iterranean coast, about 30 ms. in length and from 8 to 
15 ms. wide. In Josh. 12: 18 it is called Lasharon, 
"La" being the Hebrew article "the." 

SHECHEM, a town in the valley between the moun- 
tains Ebal and Gerizim, now Nablous, and supposed to 
be 2200 ft, above the Mediterranean. Pop. in 1880 
about 10,000. It is 30 ms. n. of Jerusalem. 

SHILO'AH, same as Siloam. 

SH1LOH, now Seilun, E.; only ruins, 19 J ms. n. of 
Jerusalem. In a little valley, not quite a mile n.e., is 
the spring of Shiloh. The first reference is in Josh. 18: 
1, but there are 31 more. 

SHIISAR, the Land of, was all that country sur- 
rounding Babvlon. Erech, Calneh, and Accad. Gen. 
10: 10. 

SHIT'TIM, same as Abel-shittim. 

SHO'CHO, also Sho'choh, and Shoco, see Socoh. 

SHU'NEM, I., now Solam, a little village on the s. 
w. side of Jebel Dithy, or little Hermon, 443 ft. above 
the Mediterranean. It has a fine spring, and is 25 J ms. 
s.e. of the Convent of Elijah, which is near the w. end 
of Mt. Carmel, see 2 Kings 4: 8 — 37. 



74 

SHUK, means a wall and it is probable that the dis- 
coveries in Egypt have revealed the origin of the name, 
since they show that a long wall was built between the 
Mediterranean and the Red Sea by the. Egyptians be- 
fore the Exodus, probably 2000 years before Christ. It 
is probable that this gave rise to the name. Gen. 17: 
7, 20: 1, 25: 18, Exod. 15: 22, 1 Sam. 15: 7, 27: 8, are 
all the references. 

SHITSHAN, a city known to the Greeks as Susa, in 
the province of Elam anciently called Susiana. It has 
been identified with the modern Sus> or Shush. See 
map No. 2. There are many and large ruins, but the 
whole region is a gloomy wilderness. 

SICHEM, same as Shechem. 

SIDDIM? vale of, some place it on the s. of the 
Dead Sea, but others on the n. The meaning of 
Siddim is not certainly known. The location of this 
vale, or plain, depends upon that of Sodom and Gomor- 
rah, which see. 

SIDON, see Zidon. 

SILO'AM, or Shilo'ah, a pool, 500 yards s. of the 
present walls of Jerusalem and 297 ft. below the foot 
of the wall, at a point due s., 280 yards beyond the pool, 
the valley is yet 29 ft. below the pool. The pool is 
walled in and partly hewn out of solid rock. Steps 
lead down to the water which flows out into gardens 
below, The village of Siloam is e. of the pool and 
across the valley. It is built upon the sides of the hill 
among rock-hewn ancient tombs in some of which the 
people live. Map No. 6. 

SIMEON is the most southern tribe-district, see the 
Map No. 3. Josh. 19: 9, it was included in the inher- 
itance of Judah, Josh. 19: 1. 

SIN, wilderness of, extends 25 ms. along the e. shore 



75 

of the gulf of Suez, now the plain of el Markka. It is 
an undulating plain of great desolation. See map 
No. 4. 

SFNAI, the mountain in the peninsula of Sinai, al- 
most central between the two gulfs of Suez and Aka- 
bah, upon which the law was given. It is probable 
that it was a particular part of the general range call- 
ed Horeb. The present Jebel Musa is 7375 ft. above 
the sea and this is considered the Sinai of Exodus. It is 
separated, by little valleys, from all the other moun- 
tains. 9 

SION, is one of the names of Mt. Hermon, Deut. 
•4: 18. It is also another name for Zion which see. 

SI'RAH, a well, now am Sireh, about a mile n.w. of 
Hebron. 

SIR'ION, a Sidonian name for Mt. Hermon, Deut, 
3: 9. 

SITNAH, the name of a well, mentioned only in 
Gen. 26: 21, between Rehoboth and Beer-sheba in a 
small valley now called Shutneh er Ruheibeh, 17 ms. 
s.w. of Beer-sheba. 

SMYKXA, a city on the w. coast of Asia Minor, the 
new city is 2 \ ms. s. of the ancient, and has a pop. of 
180,000. It is supposed to have been founded by the 
ancient Hittites. 

SOCOH, a city in the lower, or s. country of J., 10 
ms. s.w. of Jerusalem, now esh Shuweikeh and' in the 
valley of Elah. The valley is broad and suited to the 
battle described in 1 Sam. 17. There was another 
city of the same name, 10 ms. s.w. of Hebron. Both 
are only ruins, the former about 1300 ft. above the 
Mediterranean, the latter 2137 ft. See Shocho. 

SODOM? it is still a doubtful question, whether So- 
dom and Gomorrah were at the s. or at the n. end of 



the Dead Sea. Tradition places them on the s., but 
some think that the history suggests the n. end. As 
yet no traces have been found, nor can the site of the 
little town of Zoar be settled. 

SOBER? valley of, is supposed to be the same as 
the present wady Surar, 16 ms. due w. of Jerusalem, on 
the n. side of which is a village called Surik which 
name is similar to the Biblical Sorek. See Judg. 
16:14. 

SPAIN, anciently it was the whole peninsula inclu- 
sive of Portugal. Bom. 15: 25, 28. 

SUCCOTH ? a place in the valley of Jordan in the 
tribe-district of G. e. of Jordan. Perhaps at a tell Da- 
-rala since the Talmud calls Succoth, Darala, and Dr. 
Merrill has discovered the latter place 1 mile n. of the 
Jabbok. The other place bearing the same name, Suc- 
coth, was in Egypt and is probably that district around 
Pithom, discovered (1883) by Naville, just 10 ms. w. 
of Lake Tirnsah at a place called tell Mashuta on the 
ancient canal. The region around Pithom was Suc- 
coth. See Pithom. 

SY / CHAB? this was thought to be the same as 
Shechem, but it is probably the N. T. name for the 
modern village 'Askar, a little more than half a mile 
n. e. of Jacob's well: there are remains of ancient 
tombs at Askar. See Osborn's large or smaller map of 
Palestine. John4:*5. 

SY'CHEM, same as Shechem, Acts 7:16. 

SYE'NE, a frontier city of Egypt bordering on 
Ethiopia, and upon the e. side of the Nile, now As- 
souan, or Aswan, nearly 500 ms. e. of the Mediterra- 
nean. 

SYRACUSE, a city in the e. of Sicily, now called 
Syracusa. Anciently it had a pop. of 200,000. but in 




Gilboa and Tabor, from recent survey. 



77 

1871, only 20,000. The principal ruins are upon the 
main land, the modern city being built upon an island 
near the shore. 

SYKIA, may be called a continuance of Palestine 
on the n. In its most extended sense it not only in- 
cluded the Lebanon mountains, but all Damascus and 
northward to the Taurus mountains and eastward 
across the Euphrates to the Tigris. The latter part 
was called "Syria of the two rivers," or Mesopotamia. 



TA'ANACH and Tanacb, now Ta'anak, on the s.w. 
side of the plain of Esdraelon, 6 ms. n.w. of Jenin, or 
ancient En-gannim, 51 J ms. n. of Jerusalem. 

TA / BOK, a mountain on the n.e. edge of the plain 
of Esdraelon, 11 ms. a little s. of w. of the s. end of the 
sea Tiberias, 1843 ft. above the Mediterranean, or a- 
bout 1500 ft. above the plain and 61| ms. n. of Jeru- 
salem. It appears like a cone with a flattened top, 
when viewed from the west. 

TADMOR, this name is found only in 1 Kings 9: 18, 
2 Chron 8:4. It is supposed to be the same as Palmy- 
ra 120 ms. n.e. of Damascus and 60 ms. from the Eu- 
phrates. There are many ruins of temples, tombs and 
palaces found there. Porter says that the ancient name 
of Thadmor is still retained. 

TAHAP'ANES, of Jer. 2: 16 is the same as Tah'- 
panhes and Tehaphnehes and probably the same as 
Hanes of Is. 30: 4. The ruins of this city have been 
recently examined and the ancient name identified 
with a large series of mounds at tell Defenneh, 78ms.e 
n.e. of Cairo, upon the most eastern branch, or near the 
ancient Pelusian arm of the Nile. In 1886 Mr. Petrie 
discovered the palace described by Jer. 43, to which 



78 

in about 585 B. C, during the reign of Hophra, king 
of Egypt, the daughters of Zeclekiah fled and in which 
they were received by that Pharaoh. It has for years 
been called "the castle of the Jew's daughter" and i~ 
visible from a great distance. 

TANJS, of Ezek. 30: U is san^e as Zoan. 

TAP'PUAH, J., now Tufuh, a village 3J ms. w.n. 
w. from Hebron, 19 ms. s.w. of Jerusalem. It is the 
same as Beth-tappuah. 

TABSHISH ? supposed to be Tartessus, an ancient- 
city between the mouths of the Guadalquiver,in south- 
ern Spain. But this is uncertain. The place is not 
known. 

TAB'ERAH, see Kibroth-hattaavah, it was either 
the same station, or the one one preceding. Numb. 11 : 
1—3, Deut. 9: 22. 

TARSUS, was the capital of Cilicia, in Asia Minor. 
on a plain. It was 12 ms. from the mouth of the river 
Cydnus. In the healthy winter season it has 30,000 
pop., in the unhealthy season only 7000. It has 
numerous ruins and was once a splendid city. 

TAVEKNS, THE THREE, this place was upon the 
Appian way, 37 ms. s.e. of Rome and 15 ms. inland from 
the Mediterranean, which facts we learn from the an- 
cient maps, but the name does not remain. 

TEKCKA, and Teko'ah, J., was a city on the border 
of a wilderness of the same name, 10 ms. s. of Jerusa- 
lem, now Tek'ua, on a broad hill-top, with extensive 
ruins, 2788 ft. above the Mediterranean. 2 Sam. 14: 
2, 4, 9 etc. 

TEMAN? this place is associated with Edom, Boz- 
rah and the Red Sea, in Jer. 49 : 7, 20 etc., and Euse- 
bius and Jerome mention a Teman 15 ms. from Petra. 



But Dr. Trumbull thinks it was s.w. of the lower part 
of the Dead Sea. 

THAR'SRISH is another and more accurate spel- 
ling of Tarshish, 1 Kings 10: 22, 22: 48. 

THE'BEZ, now Tubas, 9 ms. n.e. of Shechem, a 
handsome village, without a spring, and on the e. slope 
of a hill, 1227 ft. above the Mediterranean. 

THESS ALONFC A, a harbor city of Macedonia, on 
a hill rising from the sea; now Salonica, on a gulf of 
the same name, population 80,000, including 30,000 
Jews. It is 190 ms. n.n.w. of Athens and 930 ms. n.w. 
of Jerusalem. 

THYATFRA, a city of Western Asia Minor, about 
46 ms. n.e. from Smyrna, now called Ak Hissa, or the 
white castle, from a w T hite rocky hill where a fortress 
once stood. It was celebrated from the time of Homer 
(II. iv. 141) for the dyeing trade. Pop. 15,000 two 
thirds of which are Christians. 

TIBERIAS, a city of about 4000 pop. on the w. 
shore of the sea of Galilee, and 4J ms. from its s. end. 
It was built between A. D. 16 and 22, by Herod, in 
honor of Tiberius; and was a new city in the time of 
our Savior and is mentioned only once, John 6 : 23. 
Sea of Tiberias and sea of Galilee, are the same. 

TIMNAH, or Timnath, 17 ms. a little s. of w. from 
Jerusalem, and 800 ft. above the Mediterranean. Per- 
haps the same as Tim'nathah. It is now called Tibneh. 

TIMNATH-SE'RAH? and Timnath-he'res very 
probably at the modern Kefr Haris, 9 ms. s.w. of Shec- 
hem. Jew and Samaritan point to this as the place of 
Joshua's burial. It is upon a small hill, 1585 ft. above 
the Mediterranean and 23 ms. n. of Jerusalem. 

TIR'ZAH? perhaps at Telluzah, 6 ms. due e. from 



80 

Samaria, 34 ms. n. of Jerusalem, 8 ms. n. of Mt. Ebal. 
But some think it more probably to be place at Tel-asir 
12 ms. n.e. of Samaria; the latter has many ancient 
caves and tombs and is probably the right place, it is 
995 ft. above the Mediterranean. 

TOGAE / MAH, see Armenia. 

TO'PHEL, a city on the e. of the long valley be- 
tween the Dead and Ked seas, called the valley of the 
Arabah. The place is now called Tiifileh, a village of 
600 houses, a little s.e. of the Dead Sea, with springs 
and fruit trees. 

TRACHONI'TIS, a district mentioned in the N. 
T., n.e. of the Jordan, and one which included the Le- 
jah which is a rough, volcanic part of Trachonitis, call- 
ed anciently Argob, see map Wo. 3, and for Trachonitis 
see map No. 5. 

TRO'AS, a city of Mysia, on the n.w. coast of Asia 
Minor, 6 ms. s. of the entrance to the Hellespont; it is 
an utter ruin, now called Eski Stamboul, or old Constan- 
tinople. 

TROGrYLLIUM, a town and cape on the western 
coast of Asia Minor, s.w. of Ephesus, on the coast op- 
posite the island Samos, see Map No. 7. 

TYRE, or Tyrus, now Sur, on the eastern coast of 
the Mediterranean, 102 ms. n. by w. of Jerusalem. 
Pop. about 5000. The city stands out into the sea, 
and is connected, by a narrow neck of land, with the 
main shore. 

UPPER BETH-HORON, see Beth-horon. 

TJLA'I, a large stream near Susa, called by the 
Greeks Eulseus. About 20 ms. above Susa it divides 
and the eastern branch is most probably the Ulai of 
Dan. 8: 2, 16, see map No. 2. 



81 

UK. of the Chaldees, is not at Oorfah, as some sup- 
pose, for that city is not in Chaldea. It is at a ruin 
called Mugheir which means pitch, from the amount of 
that material found there. It is about 6 ms. s.w. of the 
Euphrates, see map No. 2. The name has been repeat- 
edly found in the ruins. It is 125 ms. n.w. of the Per- 
sian gulf. An old temple, in ruins, is to be found still 
remaining, which was old in the time of Abram. 

VALLEY OF SALT? perhaps this was at the s- 
end of the Dead Sea. 

VALLEY of Jezreel, see Jezreel.. 

VALLEY of Achor, see Achor. 

VALLEY of Beracbah, see Beracbah. 

VALLEY of Elab, see Elah. 

VALLEY of Sorek, see Sorek. 

AVILDEKNESS of Judea. see Judea. 

ZABULON, only in Matt. 4: 13, 15, for Zebulun. 

ZANOAH? probably at Zanua which is a place of 
rains only, 14 ms. w.s.w of Jerusalem and 1353 ft. 
above the Mediterranean. 

ZA'PHON ? G.,'e. of Jordan, now a ruin called 
Amatek, about 4 ms. s.e. of the sea of Galilee, see Josh. 
13 : 27, this is supposed to be the site. 

ZAKED see Zered. 

ZAK'EPHATH, same as Sarepta of the N. T., a 
town of Phenicia on the sea-shore, 7 ms. s. of Sid on. 
Only ruius are found and no inhabitants, now called 
Surafend. 

ZA'KETH-SHAHAK? a city in K. about f j ms. e. 
of the Dead Sea, near the mouth of the ZerJca Mam. is 



82 

a place called Zara or Sara, a mere heap of .stones, 
which may mark the ancient town site. 

ZEB'ITLUN, a tribe-district reaching from Mt. 
Carmel to the sea of Galilee. See Map No. 3. The 
boundaries are given in Josh. 19: 10, 16. See Zabulon. 

ZE'DAD, now Sudud, about 70 ms. n.e. of Damas- 
cus. It is still a large village, but with few ruins. 
Numb. 34: 8, Ezek. 47: 15. 

ZEI/ZAH? this place has been supposed to be 
identified with the village of Beit Jala, 3 ms. s.w. of 
Jerusalem. 1. Sam. 10: 2. 

ZEMARA'IM? of Josh. 18: 22, is probably in the 
Jordan valley at es Sumrah, 3J ms. n. of Jericho, where 
are some ruins. 

ZERED, valley of, it probably separated Moab from 
Edom. It empties into the s.e. corner of the Dead 
Sea. Now called the Sell Garahi and it comes down 
from the s.e., for some 40 ms., from the highlands e. of 
the Dead Sea. See both maps Nos. 3 and 5. 

ZIDON of the O. T., is Sidon of the N. T. It was a 
city on the coast of the Mediterranean, 21 ms. n. by e. 
of Tyre, 122 ms. n. from Jerusalem, now called Saida, 
pop. 10,000. 

ZIN? wilderness of, probably the long valley between 
the Dead and the Red Seas, see Numb. 13:^21, 34: 3, 
Josh. 15:1. Map No. 4. It is about 110 ms. long and 
from 5 to 15 ms. wide, a region of waste land, of ter- 
rible heat in the summer and of great drought. 

ZION, literally it was the largest southern hill of 
Jerusalem, but sometimes the word was used to mean 
the whole city. See Sion. 

ZIOR? probably it is to be found at Siair, a ruin on 



83 

a bill 4 J ms. n.n.e. from Hebron, 13 ms. s. from Jerusa- 
lem. Josh. 15: 54. 

ZIPH, now tell Ziph, 3 J ms. s.s.e. of Hebron, and 
only ruins, 2882 ft. above the Mediterranean, 21 ms. s. 
from Jerusalem. The "wood of Ziph " may mean the 
city near Ziph, as the word "wood" is "Khoresh," in 
the Hebrew, and the remains of a town very nearly of 
that" name, Koreisa, are still here and it appears that a 
forest may once have been in existence near at hand. 
Josb. 15: 55, 1 Sam. 23: and 26. 

ZIZ ? cliff of, this is supposed to be at a steep pass, or 
cliff, near En-gedi, on the w. side of the Dead Sea, and 
passing up the mountains toward Judab. See Ma}> 
No. 3. 

ZO'AN ? is supposed to be at the modern Zan or San, 
the Greek Tanis. It is situated on the Tanitic branch 
of the Nile. It is supposed to be the same as Barneses 
and is so put down on Map No. 4, which see. The ex- 
pression "field of Zoan," Ps. 78: 12,43, has been found 
among the ancient Egyptian inscriptions. 

ZOAE ? is supposed to be near the s. end of the 
Dead Sea, on the neck of land connecting the Lisan 
with the eastern shore. But the place has not certainly 
been found. The Lisan means "tongue," and is a pro- 
jection of land into the sea from the s.e., in height it is 
about 40 feet. 

ZCKPHIM? field of, was on the top of Pisgah, see 
Pisgah. 

ZOKAH, or Zore'ah and Za'reah, now called Surah, 
13 ms. w. of Jerusalem. It is a village on the top of a 
hill, 1170 ft. above the Mediterranean, overlooking the 
valley of Sorek. Josh. 19: 41, Judo;. 13: 2, 25, 16: 31, 
18: 2, etc. 



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Prof* Oaborns Manual. x Tn r 



A COMPARATIVE VIEW 

oftke successive dixisitnu of die- Mob Land. 

mentioned itt the New Testament- after L 

death of SeroBj five. Great 




JERUSALEM: mthe time of GUR LORD 



TTo.6 




-of. Osbom's Manual. 

Ixjru&m and Cambridge: Macmillan.&Co. 



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35 



A Map to illustrate THE APOSTOLIC HISTORY. Prof . Osborn's Manual. Uo.7 




. Sc Cambridge Macnnllau * Co 



Oxford Map Publishers. 

OXFORD, OHIO. 



The new Edition, 1886, of the Large Map of 
PALESTINE AND PART OF SYRIA, is now 
superior to any map of The Holy Land yet pub- 
lished. Size ^y 2 ft. by 6 ft. Mounted on paper 
backed with muslin and beautifully colored. It 
contains all the known sites in square black type, 
the classic and mediaeval names of the crusades, 
etc., in shaded letters and the modern names in 
script. It shows the heights of mountains, 
the amount of depression of the Jordan, the 
principal and important springs and ancient 



wells, the present populations and much more 
that is important. 

OPINIONS. 

"The very best this side of the Atlantic." — 5. S. Times, 
Philadelphia, March 10, 1883. 

_ Dr. J. H. Vincent. Editor Methodist Sunday School Publica- 
tions, and Director of Chautauqua Assembly, says: "Clear, accu- 
rate, artistic. It is a magnificent affair. Dr. Osborn has adapted 
this map to the very latest discoveries by the Palestine Exploration 
Fund, the American Palestine Exploration, etc." 

"I am convinced, that in minuteness, accuracy, topographical 
detail, it is the best map extant." — Rt. Rev. Wm. Bacon Stevens', 
D. D., Bishop of Eastern Pennsylvania. 

Of the new edition : * ■•' "The map is excellent in every 
way, especially with regard to tophographical correctness." — The 
late Dr. E. R. Straznicky, Superintendent of Astor Library, 
New York. 

From W. C. Cattell, D. D., President of Lafayette College, 
Easton, Pa. The more I examine the map by Rev. Drs. Coleman 
and Osborn, the more am I impressed with a sense of its value. 
* ■•'• No College, Academy, or Sabbath School should be with- 
out it. 

Dr. John Hall, Pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian 
Church, New York, and Editor of the Lessons in the Sunday 
School World, American Sunday School Union, says: "Your 
excellent map of Palestine is so useful to me that 1 think some 
others may be led to utilize it on my plan, which with this hope, I 
venture to state. Its size required more space than I had ; but by 
mounting it on a spring roller, adjusted to the cornice of a book- 
case, it is made accessible, is at my hand in the study, and when 
not in use is 'run up' as quietly and easily as the window blind. 
Others may have the same method, but, if not, I can recommend 
it from experience ; and no one can use the map without apprecia- 
ting its value." It may, thus, form a neat addition to your library, 
or lecture room. 

Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler, of Brooklyn, New York, says: " I 
use it constantly in my lecture-room. It is the best larg'e map I 
ever saw, and I wish every church and Sabbath School had one." 

The Methodist, New York, December 10, 1881. It is the best 
wall map for the Sunday School, library, college, or study in 
existence. It surpasses all others for clearness of type, beauty of 



finish, tables of distances, the number of places located, and 
size. Many Bible references locate events of Bible history, which 
adds greatly to the interest of the map. It will be found of great 
value in connection with the studies of the International lessons. 

" Dr. Osborn's is by far the best — better than any I know of." — 
O. S. St. John, Sec'y. of Palestine Exploration Society, New York 
City. 

From The School fournal, New York. These maps 'Osborn & 
Coleman's Palestine; are really as much a language as types are, 
and are only another translation of the Holy Scriptures. They 
ought to be in the sanctum of every church and school and 
household. 

Prof. Croll, Librarian of Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 
Pa., writes concerning the large Palestine map : " It hangs in our 
Chapel and is accessible to all our students. It is as attractive as 
an ornament as it is useful as an instructor, and deserves all the 
praise it has received." 

"Any one having had the use of it would not be satisfied to be 
deprived of it. Not only is it adapted to the Lecturer, Teacher, 
and Student — to the Bible-Class and the Sunday-school — but even 
the average intelligent reader of the Scriptures can scarcely afford 
to be without it." — Luther H. Croll, Librarian of Penn. [Luth- 
eran) College. 

Rt. Rev. Bishop G. T. Bedell, D. D., President of the Faculty 
of the Protestant Episcopal Theological Sem. of Ohio, says of the 
Palestine map : " I have examined it with great care, especially 
as to the Southern portion, parts of which I have visited. It is 
very satisfactory. It gives a thorough representation. My col- 
leagues, in the Theological Seminary of Ohio have also examined 
the map, and through Rev. Prof. James, Prof, of Bib. Literature, 
they advise me of their opinion that it is a valuable addition to our 
means of studying the Holy Scriptures, * * and is based upon 
the most reliable authorities. 

I think you may safely recommend it, not only to Theological 
Seminaries and Clergymen, but ( where it is greatly needed) for 
Sunday-school rooms, and the teacher's Bible instruction room. * 
* We have had no more valuable addition to our Library during 
this year." 

Rt, Rev. Bishop T. H. Vail, D. D., of Kansas, and President 
of Bethany College, also writes : " I heartily join with Bishop 
Stevens of Penn., and others who have indorsed your splendid 
map of Palestine, This last corrected edition seems to leave noth- 
ing further to be done. The map ought to be in every Sunday- 
school, and in all Seminaries and Colleges, and would be a very 
valuable adjunct in the furnishing of all our Public Schools. I 
commend it without qualification." 



Commendations from Foreign Lands. 

This map is now being adopted in Gt. Britain, 
as the English Exploration Fund Atlas has only 
the land west of the Jordan and omits the Leba- 
non region, Mt. Hermon, Sidon and surround- 
ings, and has only modern names. 
FROM GT. BRITAIN. 

"The Panoramic view of Jerusalem * * a great additional 
attraction. My brethren unanimously declare that your map of 
Palestine is " out of sight" the best map they have ever seen [in 
Gt. Britain]." 

Rev. James W. Whigham, 

Convener of the S. Schools on the Continent [Europe]. 

FROM EGYPT. 

Prof. J. R. Alexander, Osiout, Egypt, to whom several maps, 
ordered t>y the College, were sent from Oxford, Ohio, writes : 

Training College, 
Osiout, Egypt, July 3, 1880. 
Prof H. S. Osborn : 

Dear Sir — The maps have arrived in good order. The large 
map of Palestine is considered a magnificent thing. * * Visible 
to the whole school and readable by all. 

FROM HARPOOT, ARMENIA, TURKEY IN ASIA. 

From President Wheeler, Armenia College. 
Two maps were sent from Oxford, O., packed for travel, upon 
camels, across the spurs of the Mts. of Ararat, to Harpoot ; — "they 
arrived safely, ■'•' I do not think I can suggest any improvement 
* * I value them very highly etc." 

C. H. Wheeler. 

FROM DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND. 

From Rt. Rev. C. Stuart Ross, D. D. 
* I am glad to find that a map of Palestine of such excellence 
as. yours is published. * * I ordered one from the home country 



some months ago for use in my Bible class-room, but prefer yours 
* * I think some can be disposed of easily here. * * 

FROM ATHENS, GREECE. 

From Dr. Kalopothekes, Editor of The Star of the East, 
"It is considered here [in Athens] the most beautiful, and accu- 
rate map of Palestine which, up to this time, has been published 
in either Germany, or America." 



A Newly Corrected Edition 

1886 

OF 

THe Beautiful Map or Western Asia, 

Edited by Prof. H. S. OSBORN, LL. D. 

IT INCLUDES 

Asia Minor, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, Etc. 



WITH ALL 



Syria, Palestine aqd Nortr|erq Coast of Egypt. 



From new material and the most recent and 
accurate surveys, after examinations and per- 
sonal visitations, by the Editor and his assistants. 
No Map yet published meets the wants of those 
who would see the land as it really is, so well as 
does this map. It presents the population, 



trades, ancient names, heights, mountain passes, 
etc., all the Biblical names of all the countries 
except of Palestine, for although the map is six 
feet wide, and four feet high, the correct idea of 
scale shows Palestine proper must be only about 
eight inches long. 

It has A NEW FEATURE which former 
editions had not, namely : very accurate and 
colored lines of the Five journeys of St. Paul, 
which are all he ever made in Asia Minor. On 
the new map of Greece and Italy (published in 
September) these colored lines are continued. 

To those who have this Western Asia Map, 
the new will be sent (when published in Septem- 
ber) for $3. We get these maps in these sizes 
as the most convenient for handling. 

These maps are at the same time the fullest of 
important material, the most recent, and the 
most accurate of any similar maps published in 
any part of the land. 

This edition of Western Asia has 

1. The five travels of the Apostles in Red, 



Green, Blue, Yellow and Brown, neatly 
colored lines, on accurate courses of travel as 
thoroughly correct as is possible. 

2. It has the only established sites of Ur of 
Chaldees — Carchemish — Ararat Mts., the true 
courses of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, from 
actual surveys. 

3. It has the table of Journeys and references, 
upon the face of the map, for ready and conven- 
ient reference. 

4. It has a table of distances from various im- 
portant places, and lines of travel, and 

5. All these routes, distances, etc., are given 
from the best and most accurate authorities, and 
not from mere guess, all of them having been 
traveled over by the Editor, or some of his as- 
sistants. 

COMMEND ACTIONS. 

Editorial of Sunday School Times, Philadelphia, Pa,, March 
10, 1883. 

Among the wall maps of Biblical lands, which have been pre- 
yjared on this side of the Atlantic, the series edited by Professor 
Osborn, of Oxford, Ohio, and the late Professor Coleman, of Princton, 
has taken a commanding place. The large wall map of Palestine is, 
for English readers, the best map, in its own field, for class study in 
College and Sunday-School alike ; and the same statement may 
with truth be made regarding the map of Western Asia, Asia 



Minor, etc., of which a new and corrected edition was recently 
issued. * * * 

Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, now Pres'tofMiddlebury Coll 'ege, Y ermont, 
and for Forty Years resident in and about Constantinople, says : 

I have examined the map with great interest. 

It is a great improvement upon every map of that region that I 
have ever examined. It contains neither too much nor too little. 
I have tested it by selecting all the names I could recall and others 
seeing how many of them I could find on the map. The result was 
satisfactory in almost every case. * The map is admired by all 
who have seen it, and if it should be patronizod according to its 
desert, you will have adequate compensation for the vast labor and 
care bestowed. 

Dr. C. H. Wheeler, President Armenia College, Harpoot, 
Turkey, who has aided us in locating some places, especially 
mission stations, writes us as to the last map, "I do not think I can 
improve it." We have had very important aid from an Armenian 
Engineer, and Missionary, who has undertaken several very impor- 
tant surveys for us, we mean "Deacon Moses" of Geog Tapa, 
Armenia, and whose last drawings reached us in time to make the 
map more accurate, and to add several places. 

Dr. Owen Street, of Loivell, Mass., who has paid critical 
attention to the Geography of the East, and is a member of the 
Amer. Geog. Soc, says, of the map, "It is a wonder of combined 
learning and industry. How many questions it answers, for which 
one might search through Encyclopedias in vain. Here are the 
treasures of a life time ; the result of study enthusiastically pursued 
for many years, all garnered into a space so convenient as to leave 
nothing to be desired. * * * It is a great work." 

So also from Dr. Howard Crosby, formerly Chancellor of New 
York University; the late Professor A. Guyot, of Princeton, and 
many other able Geographers. 



ANCIENT EGYPT, 

In the Light of Modern Discoveries, 

BY 

H. S. OSBORN, LL. D., 

Author of "Palestine, Past and Present" ; etc. 

Illustrated. 12mo. With Map. 225pp. Price, $1.25. 



This work is, perhaps, the most comprehen- 
sive, accurate, and recent epitome of any work 
in the English language, on the subject of which 
it treats. The author has had in view the put- 
ting of the whole subject into the hands of those 
who wish to be introduced to the true state and 
advance of Egyptology in a critical, but popular 
light. It embraces the discoveries of the past 
twenty years, wherein those discoveries have 
been verified by the monuments, both in sculp- 



ture and in papyrus, and these verified discover- 
ies are used for historic purposes. The recent 
discoveries of Naville (1883); those of Brugsch- 
Bey, Maspero, and others; and the theories of 
Piazzi Smith, Proctor (1883), etc.,. are brought 
together under the light of comparative opinions, 
and the reader is placed in possession of the 
authorities, and, in a very small compass, of the 
entire subject of this wonderful history and 
people. 

The following notices, among many not given, 
will sufficiently introduce the work: 

[From The Boston Daily Globe.] 
It is a clear and complete view of ancient Egyptian history, as 
effected by the earliest Scriptures and by all discoveries to the 
present date, and embraces all that is most important and known 
in Egyptian politics, literature and art. Its matter is attractively, 
as well as critically and accurately, presented. It is certainly the 
best work to concisely give necessary information that its subject 
has produced for a long while. * * * It is a good illustration of 
what may be done in reducing knowledge to the fewest and simplest 
forms that will truthfully express it. 

[From The Bookseller and Stationer, Chicago, Ills.] 
It is very highly commended by scholars. 

[From The Keystone, Philadelphia, Perm.] 
■:■ ■:■• * Throughout, this volume is most plessant and instruc- 
tive. It is certainly the most recent, comprehensive, and accurate 
epitome of all of the results of Egyptian aechseological discovery, 
and it gives us pleasure to invite attention to its attractions and 
merit. 

[From The Brooklyn Eagle, N. V.] 
--:-• --:-- •-'.: A good epitome of the whole subject, * * * his facts 



are ably condensed, * * the work is a small one. yet complete, 
and the maps and illustrations add increased interest to the letter 
press. 

[From The Toronto Globe, Ca?zada.] 

The researches of Prof. Campbell, of Montreal, receive a consid- 
erable share of attention in its pages. * * * It is a readable 
resume of what is known about the times of the Pharaohs. 

[From Good Literaticre, New York.] 

To those who have an interest in Egyptian history and archaeol- 
ogy, and who would be glad to be informed as to the latest discov- 
eries and conclusions of savants, but who do not care to spend 
the time or money necessary to master the great works of Wilkin- 
son, Lenormant, and others, we can safely recommend Prof. Os- 
born's book as an intelligent and carefully arranged summary of 
the world's present knowledge of Egypt. It is written in a style 
adapted to the popular needs, is accurate, comprehensive, and em- 
bodies the very latest researches and theories. Maps of Egypt 
and Ethiopia, and several cuts, accompany the text. 

[From The Cleveland Leader.] 

Prof. Osborn, who is the author of "Palestine : Past and Present," 
among other books, has long been a student of Egyptian history 
and archaeology. He has also visited Egypt repeatedly, and 
writes from his own observation, as well as from extensive acquain- 
tance with the works of others. Although not written from a 
theological stand-point, the work will be found valuable in its 
bearing upon the Scriptures. 

[From The Cincinnati Herald and Presbyter.] 
No reader of Scripture, nor student, will lose time by reading 
this work. It shows, incontestibly, the true historic value and 
scientific interest of that land. =: '- * * It is written from a truly 
scientific and unbiased standpoint. * * * Dr. Osborn has been, 
for over thirty years, a student of Egyptology. 

[From The Western Christian Advocate.] 
-:■■ * ■:■■ The reader is, therefore, in this small work, placed in 
very full possession of the history of Egypt, and also of a review of 
the important actual discoveries of late years, to the most recent, 
under Naville, of the double city of Pithom and Succoth. * * '■'■' 
An excellent map of Egypt and Ethiopia accompanies the book. 

[From The Cincinnati Commercial Gazette. 

'•'• * * The style in which the author treats it, makes the sub- 
ject doubly interesting. Dr. Osborn has done his work most care- 
fully. It is easy to note that nothing has been accepted until after 
the most thorough analysis. 



[Fro;;/ JV. Y., The Nation.} 

■-- '■'■'■ ■■'■ The recent discoveries in Egypt, which have materially 
changed the conception of its history, held over ten years ago, are 
scattered over so many volumes that it would be almost impossible 
for any one but the specialist to keep himself informed of the pro- 
gress of things in this department; it is therefore a praiseworthy 
attempt that Dr. Osborn has made to present the new material in 
small compass and in popular form, and in some respects he has 
succeeded very well. He gives clear and correct accounts of the 
probable origin of the Egyptian people, of the historical chronology 
of the history, the monuments, and the social life 



List and Prices of 

OXFORD MAPS 

Edited by Prof. H. S. OSBORN, LL. D. ' 



i. Larger Palestine and parts of Syria, g% feet by 6 

feet, $10 oo 

If we pay Express to your place, add 1 50 

This is the $15 00 reduced to . 10 50 

2. Smaller Palestine and parts of Syria, 4^ feet by 3 

feet, 3 00 

Reduced from $5 00 and postpaid. 

3. " Western Asia," including entire Asia Minor, Ar- 

menia, Syria, Palestine, etc., as described in 
circulars. 6 feet by 4 feet, 8 inches, 500 

This map is reduced from $7 00 ; add 50 cents and we will 

pre-pay Express. 

4. Lower Egypt and Sinai, Landscape Map, with Palestine 

in small space to show the relations, 6 00 

This is the newly corrected Edition with the track of the 
Israelites, and the newly discovered sites by Brugsch- 
Bey, and the Biblical names of Egypt and Sinai in large 
letters. Size, East and West, nearly 6 feet, North and 
South, 4 feet. This is not a fully topographical map, but 
pictorial in parts representing some parts from nature. 

5. Greece and Lower Italy, uniform size with Western 

Asia, No 3, up and down, 3 feet wide, is an exact 
continuance of Western Asia, being exactly the 



same scale. Numbers 3 and 5 make a complete 
map covering all the grounds of the New Testa- 
ment. Price, post-paid, 300 

6. Chart of the Patriarchs — era of earliest times ; to illustrate 

several of the above maps. Size 4 feet by 2, 2 00 

7. Entire Travels of St. Paul. This map just issued 

1885 , comprises Lower Italy, all Greece, Macedo- 
nia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine and northern 
shores of Egypt and Africa, with various Geo- 
graphic Lists, distances, etc., correcting various 
errors copied from one map into another for twenty 
years. Size, 6 feet by 4^ feet, 6 00 

Self-Acting Spring Roller, forNos. 1, 3, 4 and 7, $3 00, 
for the others $1 50 apiece. 

Oxford Stand, very light and strong, to hold any map 

and move it to any position, 3 00 

Full descriptive circulars, sent on application, for each 

article. 
All of these maps are from original material gathered from 
personal surveys, either of the Editors, or their assistants, and 
from coast surveys, Russian, French and English. No important 
discovery is allowed to pass without entry. These maps are 
always the best in the United States at the time of sending from 
Oxford, Ohio. " The very best this side of the Atlantic." — 
S. S. Times, Philadelphia, March 10, 1883. 

Only numbers 2, 5 and 6 can be sent by mail. We will pre-pay 
the others to any state for 50 cents additional, and you need not be 
the least uneasy, as we take pleasure in seeing to it that every map 
reaches its destination exactly as promised and in good condition, 
or we send another. We have sent from Oxford over 3300 maps to 
England. Ireland, India, Tnrkey, Egypt, Greece, Liberia, Canada, 
and United States and Territories, besides what our agents in 
other places have sent out, and we have never learned that one 
map was lost to a buyer and only four to us, these from Railroad 
accident and flood. 

Address for circulars and photo-engravings and commendations, 

Oxford Map Publishers, 

box 74, OXFORD, OHIO. 

PROF. H. S. OSBORN, L L. D., 

BOX 74, OXFORD, OHIO. 



CHART OF THE 

BOOKSOFTH'EBIBLE. 



SECOND EDITION. 



For biblical exposition, and private and 
public lectures, and short talks on Scripture, 
there has been no work of equal service, pub- 
lished in this country. It is especially interest- 
ing in the hands of teachers and the pastor. 
Beautiful, accurate, attractive. See the 
full circulars. 

No work presents with such fullness the recent 
discoveries in Egypt, Assyria, Nineveh and 
Babylon in their bearing upon Scripture. 

The Chart may be made to occupy very 
small space if mounted on the self-acting spring 
roller, as by a slight touch it may be made to 
run up to the ceiling, or top of the Stand, out of 
the way, if a stand is used. On the Oxford 
Stand it may be placed, lifted and carried, to 
any place in the room or on the platform. 



COMMENDATIONS. 

Among many others the following is from 

Dr. Edward W. Oilman, Corresponding Secretary of the 
American Bible Society; New York : 

" // is a remarkable exhibition of condensation and as a 
compendium of information it offers to a lectu7'er or teacher a 
means of conveying to Hie nzind, by a single glance of the eye, 
impressions and ideas which it would never gain by the ear." 

Rev. John McEwen, Secretary of the Sabbath School Associa- 
tion of Canada ; Toronto : 

" * * :: '- Prof. Osborn has laid all thorough going students 
of the Bible under a lasting debt of gratitude not only in S. S. 
work, but in theological seminaries — the bird's eye view of the 
history and progress of the delivery of truth, in which the cen- 
turies of time and the localizing power of Geography are woven 
into a unity of thought, continuity of purpose, and comprehen- 
siveness of aim, — indicate patient labor and painstaking grooping 
of details, and all new in conception. * * * 

Rev. Prof. Alfred L. Riggs, Prin. of Santee Normal Train- 
ing School, says " * * * The Chart is really wonderful. * 
* * ' [Spoken of in its aid in Bible study and the interest ex- 
cited among the students.] 

It is a splendid publication and can not fail to be highly useful. 

James W. YVhigham, 
Moderator Gen. Assembly, Ireland. 

The Chart is at Hermon School a very valuable help in the 
study of the Bible. 

E. C. Moody, for 
Northfield, Mass. D. L. Moody, 

The evangelist. 

It certainly is a great work. — Rev. Willis J. Beecher D.D. . 
Auburn Theological Seminary, N. V. 

It strikes the eye at once as a bright and beautiful work of art, 
■■:■ •■:-- ■-:-■ the different colors adapted for the Assyrian, Egyptian 
and Hittite notes all give a pleasing effect beside the instruction 
which they convey as in a flash by their situation upon the Chart. 
The rapid trend of the early centuries as related to the Books of 
the Bible away to right is striking '■'■'■ ■■'• * The portraits from 
the old sculptures are done with wonderful expression. 

Rev. O. Street, D. D. 
Lowell, Mass. of the Lowell Hebrew Club. 

Dr. F. N. Pelovbet, author of the S. S. Notes, writes of the 
Chart, 

I had occasion to study up some of the Bible History included 



ill it, in preparing to teach a Normal class, and I found the Chart 
most ingenious and ex«ellent. I took it to my class, and showed 
it to the scholars. * ■■' * I will recommend it in my "Library 
Corner" * * * 

New York Observer, N. Y. City, ^Presbyterian): 

The Chart evinces a great amount of labor and pains-taking ■'•' 
■•• ■■' and will prove an important aid to a comprehensive knowl- 
edge of tl\e Bible. 

CONGREGATIONALIST, Boston : 

Embodies an immense amount of learning, furnishing material 
for prolonged study, and serving purposes of ready reference. It 
is the fruit of great labor and will repay careful examination. 

The Standard, Chicago, (Baptist): 

The student, with this Chart before him gains information at a 
glance, for which he might be obliged to search through volumes 
not easily, if at all, accessible. The work would be a valuable ac- 
quisition in any minister's library, in the Christian family, or in 
the Sunday School. 

The Christian Evangelist, St. Louis: 

The results are so valuable that we believe that the Chart will 
soon be regarded indispensible to the Bible student, whether lay 
or ministerial. 

The Interior, Chicago: 

This Chart-form is admirably adapted to teaching. It is also a 
convenient form for reference. We wouid like to see it hung up 
in all our Sabbath School rooms, in the studies of pastors, and in 
the homes of Christians who want to interest their children in the 
word of God. 

Lutheran Observer, Philadelphia : 

An important work. * * * Fully meets all the promises of 
previous announcements. * * * These notes and representa- 
tions are based on the best authorities and the latest discoveries 
in Egypt, Assyria, Chaldea and Palestine. * * * For students 
of the Bible and of ancient history, and for Bible classes in Sunday 
Schools, it affords an admirable method and series of object lessons 
for study and information. 

Herald and Presbyter, Cincinnati : 

The author has long been a most diligent student of the Scrip- 
tures in relation to the aspects of it here presented ; and after a 
very thorough study, both by means of travel in the Orient and by 
extensive reading and collation of facts and discoveries, com- 
menced the preparation of this Chart at least six years ago, be- 
stowing upon it a great deal of pains-taking labor, which has re- 
sulted in a work, which, on an examination of proofs of it as it pro- 



gressed toward completion, has received the highest commenda- 
tion from some of the most competent judges among scholars and 
divines, both in this country and Europe. 

Chart (with the Notes and Index in one 

small volume), $6 oo 

The Self-acting Spring Roller (extra), 3 00 

The Oxford Stand (extra), 3 00 

• • Ancient Egypt in the light of Modern 
Discoveries" with the Chart — the 
two together, 6 80 

The Full Notes as they are found upon the 
Chart, but distinct from the Chart and in a sep- 
arate volume — paper, 30 cents ; muslin, 40 cents. 

Oxford Map Publishers, 

box 74, OXFORD, OHIO. 



